It is to be expected that the number of electric vehicles will be growing in the near future. This trend comes together with the development of smaller decentralized generation units, like PV （photo voltaic）. Togeth...It is to be expected that the number of electric vehicles will be growing in the near future. This trend comes together with the development of smaller decentralized generation units, like PV （photo voltaic）. Together with the change on demand side that comes with the global ＂electrification＂, this can lead to serious grid congestion in low voltage grids and massive grid investments in solving this congestion. Smart charging can partly solve this issue, but with using a connected EV （electric vehicle） as a small distribution unit, combined with bi-directional charging or V2G （vehicle-to-grid） technology, these investments can be reduced to a minimum. In Lombok, Utrecht, the Netherlands, an innovative pilot was initiated with smart solar charging stations, shared electric vehicles and AC （alternating current） V2G technology. This unique combination proves that EVs are an opportunity for the grid rather than a threat. A unique partnership with OEM Renault was established to develop an AC V2G vehicle product line and work on open standardized communication between the EV, the charging station and the grid.展开更多
Charge breeding technique is used for RIB （radioactive ion beam） production in order of optimizing the re-acceleration of the radioactive isotopes produced by a primary beam in a thick target. Charge breeding is ach...Charge breeding technique is used for RIB （radioactive ion beam） production in order of optimizing the re-acceleration of the radioactive isotopes produced by a primary beam in a thick target. Charge breeding is achieved by means of a device capable of increasing the ion charge state from 1＋ to a desired value n＋. In some experiments, a continuous RIB of a given energy may be required. To reach this goal, a charge breeding device based on a hollow gun EBIS （electron beam ion source） has been proposed by the author recently. That EBIS, in principle, can be capable to realize a CW （continuous wave） operation. A sufficiently high focusing magnetic field could reduce to zero the hole radius in the EBIS electron beam. However, a smaller efficiency in the ion charge state increase should be expected. A code developed for studying the ion selective containment in a EBIS has been modified and used to simulate the ion charge state breeding. The effects of the hollow electron beam on the breeding rate have been studied.展开更多
The inverted charge structure formation of a hailstorm was investigated using the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting（WRF-ARW） model coupled with electrification and discharge schemes. Different processes may ...The inverted charge structure formation of a hailstorm was investigated using the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting（WRF-ARW） model coupled with electrification and discharge schemes. Different processes may be responsible for inverted charge structure in different storms and regions.A dynamical-derived mechanism of inverted charge structure formation was confirmed by the numerical model： the inverted structure was formed by strong updraft and downdraft under normal-polarity charging conditions such that the graupel charged negatively in the main charging region in the middle-upper level of the cloud. The simulation results showed the storm presented a normal charge structure before and after hail-fall; while during the hail-fall stage, it showed an inverted charge structure—negative charge region in the upper level of the cloud and a positive charge region in the middle level of the cloud—appearing at the front edge near the strong updraft in the hailstorm. The charging processes between the two particles mainly occurred at the top of the cloud, where the graupel charged negatively and ice crystals positively due to the strong updraft. When the updraft air reached the top of the storm, it would spread to the rear and front. The light ice crystals were transported backward and forward more easily. Meanwhile, the positively charged ice crystals were transported downward by the frontal subsidence, and then a positive charge region formed between the -10°C and -25°C levels. Subsequently, a negative charge region materialized in the upper level of the cloud, and the inverted charge structure formed.展开更多
文摘It is to be expected that the number of electric vehicles will be growing in the near future. This trend comes together with the development of smaller decentralized generation units, like PV （photo voltaic）. Together with the change on demand side that comes with the global ＂electrification＂, this can lead to serious grid congestion in low voltage grids and massive grid investments in solving this congestion. Smart charging can partly solve this issue, but with using a connected EV （electric vehicle） as a small distribution unit, combined with bi-directional charging or V2G （vehicle-to-grid） technology, these investments can be reduced to a minimum. In Lombok, Utrecht, the Netherlands, an innovative pilot was initiated with smart solar charging stations, shared electric vehicles and AC （alternating current） V2G technology. This unique combination proves that EVs are an opportunity for the grid rather than a threat. A unique partnership with OEM Renault was established to develop an AC V2G vehicle product line and work on open standardized communication between the EV, the charging station and the grid.
文摘Charge breeding technique is used for RIB （radioactive ion beam） production in order of optimizing the re-acceleration of the radioactive isotopes produced by a primary beam in a thick target. Charge breeding is achieved by means of a device capable of increasing the ion charge state from 1＋ to a desired value n＋. In some experiments, a continuous RIB of a given energy may be required. To reach this goal, a charge breeding device based on a hollow gun EBIS （electron beam ion source） has been proposed by the author recently. That EBIS, in principle, can be capable to realize a CW （continuous wave） operation. A sufficiently high focusing magnetic field could reduce to zero the hole radius in the EBIS electron beam. However, a smaller efficiency in the ion charge state increase should be expected. A code developed for studying the ion selective containment in a EBIS has been modified and used to simulate the ion charge state breeding. The effects of the hollow electron beam on the breeding rate have been studied.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2014CB441406)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91537209 & 41405005)the Basic Research Fund of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (Grant No. 2014R017)
文摘The inverted charge structure formation of a hailstorm was investigated using the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting（WRF-ARW） model coupled with electrification and discharge schemes. Different processes may be responsible for inverted charge structure in different storms and regions.A dynamical-derived mechanism of inverted charge structure formation was confirmed by the numerical model： the inverted structure was formed by strong updraft and downdraft under normal-polarity charging conditions such that the graupel charged negatively in the main charging region in the middle-upper level of the cloud. The simulation results showed the storm presented a normal charge structure before and after hail-fall; while during the hail-fall stage, it showed an inverted charge structure—negative charge region in the upper level of the cloud and a positive charge region in the middle level of the cloud—appearing at the front edge near the strong updraft in the hailstorm. The charging processes between the two particles mainly occurred at the top of the cloud, where the graupel charged negatively and ice crystals positively due to the strong updraft. When the updraft air reached the top of the storm, it would spread to the rear and front. The light ice crystals were transported backward and forward more easily. Meanwhile, the positively charged ice crystals were transported downward by the frontal subsidence, and then a positive charge region formed between the -10°C and -25°C levels. Subsequently, a negative charge region materialized in the upper level of the cloud, and the inverted charge structure formed.
