不同种类电解活化水对砂浆水化特性及强度的影响研究

使用了4种不同种类电解活化水制备水泥砂浆,与普通自来水砂浆进行对比分析,系统研究了不同电解活化水对水泥砂浆水化特性及力学性能的影响规律。试验结果表明,与普通自来水砂浆相比,不同电解活化水均能一定程度地改善砂浆工作性能和力学性能,其中pH为9.5时的钾基碱性电解活化水对砂浆的强度改善效果最为明显,7、14 d抗压强度分别提高了18.9%和10.3%,91 d强度提高了6.1%。酸性电解活化水对砂浆的强度改善效果最差,7 d抗压强度仅提高了5.2%,91 d强度下降了2.4%。同时,不同碱性电解活化水均能促进水泥水化反应,使其Ca(OH)_(2)含量明显高于普通自来水砂浆,并伴有多钙钾石膏和钾长石产生。此外,4种电解活化水砂浆的SEM图谱表现出明显的球形颗粒化,这对砂浆工作性和强度改善具有积极作用。

ECS电解活化微孔材料吸附净化处理含铊污水研究

采用硅藻土沸石化工艺,在提高硅藻土比表面积的同时,改善了微孔结构;通过电化学活化、微孔材料吸附净化方法,进行了含铊(Tl)污水除铊工艺研究。采用XRD、SEM、BET对样品进行了表征,ICP-MS分析法进行了Tl重金属离子测试。在最佳工艺条件下:电解活化条件(电流5A,电压50V、电解液pH值4.5、电解时间8min),吸附条件(上清液pH值8.5,吸附剂用量0.6g/L,吸附时间30min,体系搅拌速度110r/min),采用2段电解活化、3次吸附净化,可将含铊污水中的铊从9.45mg/L降至0.001mg/L。

CrNiNRE奥氏体耐热钢的电解活化热浸扩散渗铝研究

采用表面电解活化助镀技术在渗碳炉辐射管用CrNiNRE奥氏体耐热钢表面进行了热浸扩散渗铝试验研究。应用SEM电镜和能谱分析及显微硬测试等方法分析CrNiNRE耐热钢热浸扩散渗铝层的成分、组织和形貌。试样经电解活化助镀后,在735℃铝浴中浸镀5min,获得了良好的热浸镀铝过渡层。以NH4Cl为活化剂,添加少量CeO2稀土混合物,在960℃密封扩散6h,随炉冷却,在耐热钢表面获得了结合良好的扩散渗铝层。

前处理对环保型不锈钢电解着色膜性能的影响

为了提高无铬电解着色膜的耐蚀性、耐磨性和均匀性,通过SEM、电化学测试方法、显微磨损试验机和光泽度仪等技术手段研究了前处理(抛光、活化)对着色膜质量的影响。结果表明:不锈钢亚面和光面经相同的前处理工艺后电解着色膜的耐蚀性、耐磨性、均匀性和光泽度相近;将氟硅酸活化体系和稀硫酸活化体系进行对比,发现氟硅酸活化体系活化的电解着色膜耐蚀性、耐磨性优于稀硫酸活化体系活化的电解着色膜,两着色膜的均匀性相当;对氟硅酸活化体系的机理进行初步探讨,发现活化过程分为金属或者氧化物的溶解、活化膜形核、活化膜生长并成膜3个阶段。

电解食盐水对乳饮料生产清洗消毒工艺的改进

清洗消毒工艺是乳制品生产的关键控制点之一。利用电解活化技术(Electro Chemical Activation,ECA)对原位清洗(Clean in Place,CIP)相关工艺参数进行调整改进,形成一套新的用于乳制品生产车间的清洗消毒方法。结果表明,与传统CIP相比,新工艺在确保对罐体、管路、瓶盖等清洗消毒良好效果基础上,节约了清洗时间,降低了能源及化学品消耗。该工艺不仅节约了生产成本,还减少废气、废液的排放,对实际生产和环境保护具有重要意义。

微惯性开关制作过程中界面结合强度研究

在利用微电铸工艺制作惯性开关的过程中,经常会出现由于界面结合强度低而引起的铸层翘起问题。微电铸层与基板的界面结合强度低会降低微开关的制作成品率、延长制作周期、增加制作成本。针对这一问题,本文从界面钝化膜的角度,采用了“电解活化去除钝化膜”和“引入Cu过渡层”的方法。为探究钝化膜对界面结合强度的影响,通过Materials Studio软件对不同钝化膜去除率模型的界面结合能进行仿真计算,计算结果表明钝化膜去除率越高越有利于界面结合强度的提高,在完全去除钝化膜后界面结合强度提高了197%;为探究过渡金属对界面结合强度的影响,分别以Cu,Cr,Ti作为过渡层,与不锈钢基板和镍铸层建立结合层体系,计算体系的结合能,计算结果表明Cu与基板、Cu与铸层的结合能最高,与未引入过渡金属相比,引入Cu后界面结合强度提高了81%。在仿真研究结果的基础上,开展了电解活化实验,通过电解活化法去除了基板表面的钝化膜,实验结果表明:电解活化区域铸层的界面结合强度明显高于未活化区域铸层的界面结合强度;同时开展了铜过渡层实验,对比了有无Cu过渡层的界面结合强度,实验结果表明:引入Cu后,铸层的界面结合强度明显提高。在上述仿真和实验结果的基础上,制作出尺寸为23 mm×20 mm、总高度为900μm的微惯性开关。

奥氏体耐热钢的热浸扩散渗铝研究

采用表面电解活化助镀技术在奥氏体耐热钢表面获得了良好的助镀层,试样经电解活化助镀后,在735℃铝浴中浸镀5min,可获得良好的热浸镀铝过渡层。以NH4Cl为活化剂,添加少量和CeO2稀土混合物,在960℃密封扩散6h,随炉冷却,在耐热钢表面获得了结合良好的扩散渗铝层。应用SEM电镜分析和能谱分析等方法分析了热浸扩散渗铝层的成分、组织和形貌。

Research progress of magnesium anodes and their applications in chemical power sources

Magnesium is a promising metal used as anodes for chemical power sources. This metal could theoretically provide negative discharge potential and exhibit large capacity during the discharge process. However, when the magnesium anode is adopted for practical applications, several issues, such as the discharge products adhered to the electrode surface, the self-discharge occurring on the anode material, and the detachment of metallic particles, adversely affect its inherently good discharge performance. In this work, the types of chemical power sources using magnesium as anodes were elaborated, and the approaches to enhance its anode performance were analyzed.

Synthesis of one-dimensional carbon nanostructures and their application as anode materials in lithium ion batteries

An efficient synthesis of carbon nanofibers by pyrolysis of as-prepared polypyrrole nanowires was reported. Under the subsequent KOH activation, a significant morphology variation was detected and the obtained sample took on a ribbon-like structure. The morphology and structure of the carbon nanofibers and carbon nanoribbons were characterized. When the as-prepared one-dimensional carbon nanostructures were used as anode materials in lithium ion batteries, both of them exhibited superior cyclical stability and good rate properties. After 50 cycles, the reversible capacity of carbon nanofibers electrode maintained 530 mA·h/g. Concerning carbon nanoribbons, the reversible capacity is always larger than 850 mA·h/g and the reversible capacity retention after 23 cycles is 86%.

球形微膨胀石墨电极材料的制备及其表征

以石墨化中间相炭微球(MCMB)为前驱体,采用氧化、微膨胀法制备了微膨胀石墨电极材料(e-MC-MB);采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜表征样品的外貌、结构,并采用恒电流充放电测试和循环伏安法研究了微膨胀石墨电极在LiPF6有机电解液体系中的电化学行为。结果表明,微膨胀石墨材料有良好的球形形状,晶体参数La10、Lc和平均堆积碳层数与MCMB相比显著减小;平均层间距d(002)大于石墨材料,在0.411～0.418nm范围;首次充电在4.5～4.8V间存在明显的"电化学活化"现象,储能行为不同于传统石墨材料;在2.5～4.8V电压区间,放电比电容量达143.7F/g;将微膨胀石墨正极材料与石墨负极材料匹配,预计能得到高能量密度的锂离子电容器。

ECA在饮料生产清洗消毒中的应用

饮料生产设备使用热水和碱液的传统清洗消毒方式,会造成大量的蒸汽、化学药品(氢氧化钠)、水的耗用,并且增加了生产制造成本,企业在追求效益的同时需要降低生产成本和减少环境的污染。采用一种新的电解活化水(Electro-Chemical Activation Water,ECA))清洗消毒代替传统的清洗消毒方式,将有助于降低生产成本,减少对环境的污染,并且清洗效果及运行良好稳定。

SUS301不锈钢端子的高速电镀

SUS301不锈钢端子的高速电镀层,受镀件表面的平整度,高速冲压拉伸后的相变、形貌,槽液体系,工艺流程等影响极大。另外,由于氨基磺酸盐镀镍液体系所得镀镍层上形成胶体膜[Ni(OH)_2],随后镀金层中产生大量气泡、针孔,导致镀层硬、脆、结合力差等不良。采用无铬电解抛光与阳极电解活化前处理工艺,改善镀件表面的不良状态,并在刷镀金前对镀镍层作10%(体积分数)硫酸溶液浸渍,以中和镀镍层上的胶体膜。处理后的电镀层可通过硝酸、高温高湿、中性盐雾等例行考核。

Electrical conductivity of (Na_3AlF_6-40%K_3AlF_6)-AlF_3-Al_2O_3 melts

The effects of contents of AlF3 and Al2O3, and temperature on electrical conductivity of （Na3AlF6-40%K3AlF6）- AlF3-Al2O3 were studied by continuously varying cell censtant （CVCC） technique. The results show that the conductivities of melts increase with the increase of temperature, but by different extents. Every increasing 10 ℃ results in an increase of 1.85 × 10^-2, 1.86× 10^-2, 1.89 × 10^-2 and 2.20 × 10^-2 S/cm in conductivity for the （Na3AlF6-40%K3AlF6）-AlF3 melts containing 0%, 20%, 24%, and 30% AlF3, respectively. An increase of every 10 ℃ in temperature results an increase about 1.89× 10^-2, 1.94 × 10^-2, 1.95 × 10^-2, 1.99× 10^-2 and 2.10× 10^-2 S/cm for （Na3AlF6-40%K3AlF6）-AlF3-Al2O3 melts containing 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% Al2O3, respectively. The activation energy of conductance was calculated based on Arrhenius equation. Every increasing 1% of AlF3 results in a decrease of 0.019 and 0.020 S/cm in conductivity for （Na3AlF6-40%K3AlF6）-AlF3 melts at 900 and 1 000 ℃, respectively. Every increase of 1% Al2O3 results in a decrease of 0.07 S/cm in conductivity for （Na3AlF6-40%K3AlF6）-AlF3-Al2O3 melts. The activation energy of conductance increases with the increase in content of AlF3 and Al2O3.

Electrooxidative Degradation of an Anthraquinone Dye with in-situ Electrogenerated Active Chlorine in a Divided Flow Cell

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the possibility of treating C. I. Reactive Blue 19 wastewater by electrochemical oxidation via electrogenerated active chlorine, using metallic oxide coatings （dimensional stable anode, DSA） as anode. The electrolysis for the simulated wastewater was conducted at a constant current. Absorbances at 592 nm and 255 nm were measured to follow the decolorization of the dye and the degradatin of its aromatic ring. After 4 h of electrolysis under the experimental conditions： current density of 15 A·m^-2, 0.2 mol·L^-1 NaCl, 0.1 mol·L^-1 Na2SO4, 0.1 mmol·L^-1 dye, initial pH=6.4 and T=30℃, 100% decolorization of the dye and about 45% degradation of its aromatic ring were achieved, while no obvious change of total organic carbon was observed. The experimental results suggest that the decolorization of the dye and degradation of its aromatic ring were directly affected by current density, temperature, concentrations of the dye and sodium chloride, while slightly affected by initial pH and sodium sulfate concentration; the decolorization of the dye and degradation of its aromatic ring followed pseudo-first-order kinetics; and indirect electrooxidation, using electrogenerated active chlorine, predominated in the electrochemical oxidation.

Synergetic effects for p-nitrophenol abatement using a combinedactivated carbon adsorption-electrooxidation process

A novel fluidized electrochemical reactor that integrated advanced electrochemical oxidation with activated carbon (AC) fluidization in a single cell was developed to model pollutant p-nitrophenol (PNP) abatement. AC fluidization could enhance COD removal by 22%-30%. In such a combined process, synergetic effects on PNP and COD removal was found, with their removal rate being enhanced by 137.8% and 97.8%, respectively. AC could be electrochemically regenerated and reused, indicating the combined process would be promising for treatment of biorefractory organic pollutants.

Porous ceramic coating formed on 316L by laser cladding combined plasma electrolytic oxidation for biomedical application

In order to improve the bioactivity of 316L stainless steel,a titanium layer was prepared on the surface of 316L by laser cladding(LC),followed by plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)to form a porous ceramic coating on titanium layer.The morphologies,microstructure and compositions of the coated samples were characterized by 3D surface profiler,SEM,EDS,XRD and XPS.The corrosion resistance and bioactivity of the coatings were evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization and immersion test in simulated body fluid(SBF),respectively.The results showed that the porous ceramic coating mainly consisted of anatase and rutile,and highly crystalline HA was also detected.The main elements of the PEO coating are Ca,P,Ti and O.The LC+PEO composite bio-coating has more excellent corrosion resistance than the 316L substrate in simulated body fluid.Furthermore,the composite coating could effectively improve the bioactivity of 316L stainless steel.

电极活化二氧化碳诱导合成碳酸二甲酯

针对近年来利用甲醇和CO_2直接反应制备碳酸二甲酯研究中反应条件苛刻、工艺设备复杂、甲醇转化率低等不足问题,本文研制一种固碳溶液,其CO_2饱和质量浓度达0.528 g/mL;在固碳溶液中用电解的方式对CO_2进行活化,并在电解过程中不断补充CO_2至饱和,得到电解活化液;用碘甲烷作诱导剂,使其与甲醇在60℃回流120 min,制得碳酸二甲酯,纯度为99.0%,转化率为99.6%(以甲醇质量计),反应过程环保、条件温和。

3D ordered mesoporous cobalt ferrite phosphides for overall water splitting

Developing low-cost and earth-abundant electrocatalysts with high performance for electrochemical water splitting is a challenging issue. Herein, we report a facile and effective way to fabricate three-dimension(3D) ordered mesoporous Co1-xFexP(x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) electrocatalyst.Benefiting from 3D ordered mesoporous pore channels and composition optimization, the Co0.75Fe0.25 P exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activities with low overpotentials of 270 and 209 mV at 10 mA cm^-2 for oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER), respectively, in the alkaline electrolyte along with a durable electrochemical stability. In addition, as both the cathode and anode, the Co0.75Fe0.25P also exhibits superior electrolysis water splitting performance with only an applied voltage of 1.63 V to attain a current density of 10 m A cm^-2 without obvious decay for 18 h,indicating that the Co0.75Fe0.25P is an efficient electrocatalyst for overall water splitting.

Electrocatalytic water-splitting for the controllable and sustainable synthesis of deuterated chemicals

Tandem water electrolysis for the transformation of universal feedstock to value-added chemicals integrated with hydrogen generation and in situ utilization is a promising approach to address the economic challenges of electrochemical hydrogen evolution and storage.Herein,we present the controllable electrocatalytic deuteration of halides using inexpensive and reusable heavy water(D2 O)as a D-source for the preparation of valuable D-labelled chemicals and pharmaceuticals under mild conditions.This electrochemical deuteration method with high efficiency and selectivity furnishes a series of D-labelled chemicals and pharmaceuticals in high yields with excellent D-incorporation.The reaction efficiency and selectivity,that is,the precise substitution of deuterium atoms at different halogen positions,can be tuned by varying the applied voltages.The results show the great potential of green and economical electrocatalytic methods for producing value-added fine chemicals in addition to hydrogen evolution.