The purpose of this paper was to investigate the possibility of treating C. I. Reactive Blue 19 wastewater by electrochemical oxidation via electrogenerated active chlorine, using metallic oxide coatings (dimensional...The purpose of this paper was to investigate the possibility of treating C. I. Reactive Blue 19 wastewater by electrochemical oxidation via electrogenerated active chlorine, using metallic oxide coatings (dimensional stable anode, DSA) as anode. The electrolysis for the simulated wastewater was conducted at a constant current. Absorbances at 592 nm and 255 nm were measured to follow the decolorization of the dye and the degradatin of its aromatic ring. After 4 h of electrolysis under the experimental conditions: current density of 15 A·m^-2, 0.2 mol·L^-1 NaCl, 0.1 mol·L^-1 Na2SO4, 0.1 mmol·L^-1 dye, initial pH=6.4 and T=30℃, 100% decolorization of the dye and about 45% degradation of its aromatic ring were achieved, while no obvious change of total organic carbon was observed. The experimental results suggest that the decolorization of the dye and degradation of its aromatic ring were directly affected by current density, temperature, concentrations of the dye and sodium chloride, while slightly affected by initial pH and sodium sulfate concentration; the decolorization of the dye and degradation of its aromatic ring followed pseudo-first-order kinetics; and indirect electrooxidation, using electrogenerated active chlorine, predominated in the electrochemical oxidation.展开更多
Pain is a complex experience consisting of sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative dimensions. Now it has been gradually known that noxious information is processed by a widely-distrib...Pain is a complex experience consisting of sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative dimensions. Now it has been gradually known that noxious information is processed by a widely-distributed, hierarchically- interconnected neural network, referred to as neuromatrix, in the brain. Thus, identifying the multiple neural networks subserving these functional aspects and harnessing this knowledge to manipulate the pain response in new and beneficial ways are challenging tasks. Albeit with elaborate research efforts on the cortical responses to painful stimuli or clinical pain, involvement of the hippocampal formation (HF) in pain is still a matter of controversy. Here, we integrate previous animal and human studies from the viewpoint of HF and pain, sequentially representing anatomical, behavioral, electrophysiological, molecular/ biochemical and functional imaging evidence supporting the role of HF in pain processing. At last, we further expound on the relationship between pain and memory and present some unresolved issues.展开更多
To develop low-cost, earth-abundant NiFe- based materials as highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts and to probe new catalytic species are still great challenges to now. Here, an in situ f...To develop low-cost, earth-abundant NiFe- based materials as highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts and to probe new catalytic species are still great challenges to now. Here, an in situ forma- tion of OER active NiFe2O4-NiOOH nanosheet arrays is demonstrated as a highly efficient OER electrocatalyst by the anodization of Fe203 domains anchored on Ni(OH)2 nanosheet arrays. The as-converted product can deliver the current density of 30 mA cm-2 with a small overpotential of 240 mV, and only requires an overpotential of 410 mV to achieve an amazing huge current density of 3000 mA cm-2. In situ potential-dependent Raman spectroscopy reveals that Ni(OH)2 in the composite is easier to be oxidized to NiOOH than pure Ni(OH)2, and the newly formed NiOOH reacts with the nearby Fe2O3 to produce hybrid NiFe2O4-NiOOH. It is found that the cooperative effect of the in situ formed NiFe2O4 and NiOOH as well as the hydrophilic and aero- phobic electrode surface make main contribution to the outstanding OER activity of the catalyst. This work will bring new perspectives to the recognition of the origin of NiFe composite materials for OER and provide a mild method to synthesize amorphous spinel materials at room temperature.展开更多
文摘The purpose of this paper was to investigate the possibility of treating C. I. Reactive Blue 19 wastewater by electrochemical oxidation via electrogenerated active chlorine, using metallic oxide coatings (dimensional stable anode, DSA) as anode. The electrolysis for the simulated wastewater was conducted at a constant current. Absorbances at 592 nm and 255 nm were measured to follow the decolorization of the dye and the degradatin of its aromatic ring. After 4 h of electrolysis under the experimental conditions: current density of 15 A·m^-2, 0.2 mol·L^-1 NaCl, 0.1 mol·L^-1 Na2SO4, 0.1 mmol·L^-1 dye, initial pH=6.4 and T=30℃, 100% decolorization of the dye and about 45% degradation of its aromatic ring were achieved, while no obvious change of total organic carbon was observed. The experimental results suggest that the decolorization of the dye and degradation of its aromatic ring were directly affected by current density, temperature, concentrations of the dye and sodium chloride, while slightly affected by initial pH and sodium sulfate concentration; the decolorization of the dye and degradation of its aromatic ring followed pseudo-first-order kinetics; and indirect electrooxidation, using electrogenerated active chlorine, predominated in the electrochemical oxidation.
基金supported by the National Basic Research (973) Program of China (No.2006CB500800)National Innovation Team Program of Ministry of Education, China (No. IRT0560)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30670692 and 30770668)
文摘Pain is a complex experience consisting of sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative dimensions. Now it has been gradually known that noxious information is processed by a widely-distributed, hierarchically- interconnected neural network, referred to as neuromatrix, in the brain. Thus, identifying the multiple neural networks subserving these functional aspects and harnessing this knowledge to manipulate the pain response in new and beneficial ways are challenging tasks. Albeit with elaborate research efforts on the cortical responses to painful stimuli or clinical pain, involvement of the hippocampal formation (HF) in pain is still a matter of controversy. Here, we integrate previous animal and human studies from the viewpoint of HF and pain, sequentially representing anatomical, behavioral, electrophysiological, molecular/ biochemical and functional imaging evidence supporting the role of HF in pain processing. At last, we further expound on the relationship between pain and memory and present some unresolved issues.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21422104)the Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City(16JCZDJC30600)
文摘To develop low-cost, earth-abundant NiFe- based materials as highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts and to probe new catalytic species are still great challenges to now. Here, an in situ forma- tion of OER active NiFe2O4-NiOOH nanosheet arrays is demonstrated as a highly efficient OER electrocatalyst by the anodization of Fe203 domains anchored on Ni(OH)2 nanosheet arrays. The as-converted product can deliver the current density of 30 mA cm-2 with a small overpotential of 240 mV, and only requires an overpotential of 410 mV to achieve an amazing huge current density of 3000 mA cm-2. In situ potential-dependent Raman spectroscopy reveals that Ni(OH)2 in the composite is easier to be oxidized to NiOOH than pure Ni(OH)2, and the newly formed NiOOH reacts with the nearby Fe2O3 to produce hybrid NiFe2O4-NiOOH. It is found that the cooperative effect of the in situ formed NiFe2O4 and NiOOH as well as the hydrophilic and aero- phobic electrode surface make main contribution to the outstanding OER activity of the catalyst. This work will bring new perspectives to the recognition of the origin of NiFe composite materials for OER and provide a mild method to synthesize amorphous spinel materials at room temperature.