售电量临界值公式及其在供电部门的应用

对影响供电部门利润的因素及其与利润的关系建立一个数学模型,导出了售电量临界值公式,作出盈亏平衡图。利用售电量临界值公式对供电企业的利润进行盈亏决策,快速、简单、易行;而利用盈亏平衡图(按比例作图)时,可直观地从图上看出盈亏趋势。文中并以实例说明。

混凝土抗氯离子侵入性能的电量综合法

为了建立统一的混凝土抗氯离子侵入性快速试验方法,进行了通电时间和电解质溶液对混凝土电量值及氯离子渗透深度影响的研究.初步研究结果显示,可以建立一种新的试验方法,即电量综合法(RCMS),将电量法和快速电迁移法2种试验方法统一起来.建议的试验条件:试件龄期为56 d,用电量法夹具,阳极采用0.3 mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液,阴极采用3%氯化钠溶液,试验电压为60 V,通电时间为18 h.混凝土抗氯离子性能以6 h电量值、18 h电量值和通电18 h后氯离子渗透深度来评价,以18 h电量值为主要判定依据.

EDLC charging performance for microgrid applications

In order to review storage performance of the electric double layer capacitor （EDLC） in microgrid applications, charging time and storage efficiency issues are mainly studied aiming at three different charging modes, including the constant voltage charging mode （CVCM）, the constant current charging mode （CCCM） and the constant power charging mode （CPCM）, based on the practical EDLC product. Numerical calculation methods are presented for different charging modes, and the charging efficiency is also reviewed with strict mathematical deductions, which is validated to be accurate enough and applicable through a simple case with the PV/EDLC system illustration. Finally, trade-off problems between charging time and energy loss are also studied. Research results show that the CPCM is more suitable for microgrid networks compared with the traditional constant-voltage and constant-current charging modes. The hybrid charging method is recommended to save energy and keep high efficiency relatively at the same time. However, how to manage the combination percentage of different charging modes in a reasonable way should be dealt with according to the practical requirements.

避免用户功率因数超标的途径

针对高供低计用户反映被罚收用户功率因数调整电费的问题,分析了功率因数调整电费的有关规定的技术含义、有功电量临界值和功率因数过低的原因,提出了避免用户功率因数超标的途径。

A Statistical Method for Characterizing CMOS Process Fluctuations in Subthreshold Current Mirrors

A novel method to characterize CMOS process fluctuations in subthreshold current mirrors （SCM） is reported. The proposed model is succinct in methodology and calculation complexity compared with previous statistical models. However,it provides favorable estimations of CMOS process fluctuations on the SCM circuit, which makes it promising for engineering applications. The model statistically abstracts physical parameters, which depend on the IC process, into random variables with certain mean values and standard deviations, while aggregating all the random impacts into a discrete martingale. The correctness of the proposed method is experimentally verified on an SCM circuit implemented in an SMIC 0.18μm CMOS 1P6M mixed signal process with a conversion factor of 100 in an input range from 100pA to lμA. The pro- posed theory successfully predicts - 10% of die-to-die fluctuation measured in the experiment, and also suggests the -lmV of threshold voltage standard deviation over a single die,which meets the process parameters suggested by the design kit from the foundry. The deviations between calculated probabilities and measured data are less than 8%. Meanwhile, pertinent suggestions concerning high fluctuation tolerance subthreshold analog circuit design are also made and discussed.

Material Growth and Device Fabrication of GaN-Based Blue-Violet Laser Diodes

Studies on first GaN-based blue-violet laser diodes(LDs) in China mainland are reported.High quality GaN materials as well as GaN-based quantum wells laser structures are grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition method.The X-ray double-crystal diffraction rocking curve measurements show the full-width half maximum of 180″ and 185″ for (0002) symmetric reflection and (10 12) skew reflection,respectively.A room temperature mobility of 850cm2/(V·s) is obtained for a 3μm thick GaN film.Gain guided and ridge geometry waveguide laser diodes are fabricated with cleaved facet mirrors at room temperature under pulse current injection.The lasing wavelength is 405 9nm.A threshold current density of 5kA/cm2 and an output light power over 100mW are obtained for ridge geometry waveguide laser diodes.

基于改进kmeans++算法的用户分类与电价政策影响分析

以上海市张江某工业园大工业用户为研究对象,采用大数据方法分析典型用户用电与电价政策的相关性。针对传统kmeans聚类算法的缺点,提出基于复合距离的kmeans++算法,考虑用电曲线的空间相近性与形态相似性,并优化初值选择,具有更好的聚类效果。采用该算法对大工业用户进行聚类,得到大工业具有5种典型行业用户并分析其原因。基于典型行业用户变压器容量和用电量数据,计算各典型行业用电量标杆值并分析其在新电价政策实施前后的波动情况,明确电力公司后续提升工作的重点方向并对不同用户的用电提出合理意见。

关于提高功率因数的研究

介绍了提高功率因数的传统方式及好处,并论述了功率因数调整电费的有关规定。

电量平衡值对插电式混合动力汽车排放和能耗的影响

对插电式混合动力电动汽车进行工况法测试,分析电量平衡值对排放和能耗的影响。结果显示,条件A(储能装置处于最高荷电状态)试验中,按照选项一(单次循环)进行试验,发动机在整个试验过程中未启动,排气污染物排放为零,二氧化碳排放也为零;条件B(储能装置处于最低荷电状态)试验下,电量平衡值对排放无明显影响,对燃料消耗量和二氧化碳排放量有显著影响,呈负线性相关,对电能消耗量有明显影响,呈正线性相关,但电量平衡值不能反映电能消耗水平,电能消耗水平受车辆控制策略、充电效率等影响较大。

Measurements of Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation Caused by Electrostatic Discharges in Metal Sphere Gap at Voltages Less than 1 kV

In this study,the characteristics of Electromagnetic(EM) radiation caused by Electrostatic Discharges(ESDs) from metal spheres charged to voltages less than 1 kV are examined experimentally.Our experimental system consists of a pair of spherical electrodes of different diameters,a 1-18 GHz-bandwidth horn antenna and a 20-GHz-bandwidth digitizing oscilloscope.Polarization,waveform duration and peaks of antenna-received voltages from the EM field radiation are measured in order to clarify the EM radiation mechanism.The ratio of the received voltages between the antenna arrangements of the field polarization parallel and perpendicular to the spark pass is 18 to 20 dB.The polarities of the antenna-received voltages are the same as those of the charge voltages across the gap.Moreover,the waveform duration and the first peaks increase with an increase in the diameters of the spherical electrodes.Consequently,we find that the polarization,waveform duration and first peaks of the EM field radiation can be explained by a dipole antenna structure,which makes the spark part of the spherical electrodes a feeding point on the straight line passing through the centres of the two spheres.

Objects Obtained by y Quanta Irradiation with Threshold Energy of 10 MeV of Pure Gaseous He, under High Pressure, in CuBe2 Apparatus

A HeHPC （Helium high pressure chamber） filled up with pure gaseous helium at initial pressure about 1.1 bar was irradiated by braking γ-rays of 10 MeV threshold energy during 1.0 × 10^5 s at the electron beam current 22 - 24 μA. After irradiation, the residual pressure inside was equal to 430 bar. Synthesized foils of black color and other multiple objects were found inside the HeHPC mainly at the entrance window for γ-rays made from beryllium bronze as a plug of beryllium bronze HPC, at the inner surfaces of the reaction chamber made of high purity copper and at the copper collector. The element analysis, using SEM （Scanning electron microscopy） and MPRA （Microprobe roentgen analysis）, allowed us to establish that the foils consist predominantly of carbon and the smaller quantities of other elements from carbon to iron. An explanation for the observed elements is suggested on the basis of helium fusion reactions under the action of y-rays with the reactions taking place in giant stars （thermally activated）. The possible mechanism after 3α reaction is nα reactions and under barrier reactions. A second experiment with initial pressure of 3.05 kbar （with pressure drop by about 65 bar - after almost the same procedure of y-rays irradiation and with fully beryl bronze environment） suggests another possible nuclear reactions - He（Be, p）C, He（C, γ）O, and so on. The developed approach agrees well with a series of studies carried out by the authors where dense hydrogen and deuterium gases are acted on by γ-rays in the presence or absence of metals in the reaction chambers.

Fluid-solid coupling numerical simulation of charge process in variable-mass thermodynamic system

Abstract： A joint solution model of variabk：-mass flow in two-phase region and fluid-solid coupling heat transfer, concerned about the charge process of variable-mass thermodynamic system, is built up and calculated by the finite element method （FEM）. The results are basically consistent with relative experimental data. The calculated average heat transfer coefficient reaches 1.7~105 W/（m2. K）. When the equal percentage valve is used, the system needs the minimum requirements of valve control, but brings the highest construction cost. With the： decrease of initial steam pressure, the heat transfer intensity also weakens but the steam flow increases. With the initial water filling coefficient increasing or the temperature of steam supply decreasing, the amount of accumulative steam flow increases with the growth of steam pressure. When the pressure of steam supply drops, the steam flow gradient increases during the maximum opening period of control valve, and causes the maximum steam flow to increase.

Photodetachment of H^- Near a Dielectric Surface

Using the closed orbit theory, the photodetachment cross section of H- near a dielectric surface has been derived and calculated. The results show that the dielectric surface has great influence on the photodetachment process of negative ion near the ionization threshold. Above the ionization threshold, the photodetachment cross section starts to oscillate. With the increase of the energy, the oscillating amplitude decreases and the oscillating frequency increases. The oscillation in the photodetachment cross section of H- in the presence of a dielectric surface is either larger or smaller than the photodetachment of H- without the surface. As the photon energy is larger than the critical value Epc, the oscillatory structure disappeared and the cross section approaches to the case of the photodetachment of H- without any external fields. For a given detached-electron energy, the photodetachment cross section becomes decreased with the increase of the ion-surface distance. Besides, the dielectric constant has great influence on the photodetachment of H-. With the increase of the dielectric constant, the oscillation in the cross section becomes increased. As the dielectric constant increases to infinity, the cross section is the same as the photodetachment of H- near a metal surface. This study provides a new understanding on the photodetachment process of H- in the presence of a dielectric surface.

预付费电表售电系统升级改造

本课题主要针对预付费电表售电系统存在的弊端,进行全面的升级改造,解决运行中存在的问题和安全隐患。升级改造内容具体可以分为以下四个方面:(1)增设服务器,实现数据同步备份,确保系统运行的稳定性和安全性;(2)通过对售电数据分段处理,提高预付费电表售电系统的运行速度;(3)增加补卡识别功能、改变报表制作方式、销户冻结等来完善系统功能,使之更符合工作需要;(4)解决售电过程中出现的常见问题。

An equivalent magnetic dipoles model for quantitative damage recognition of broken wire

By simplifying saturatedly magnetized wire-rope to magnetic dipoles of the same magnetic field strength, an equivalent magnetic dipoles model is developed and the measuring principle for recognising damage of broken wire was presented. The relevant calculation formulas were also deduced. A composite solution method about nonlinear optimization was given. An example was given to illustrate the use of the equivalent magnetic dipoles method for quantitative damage recognition, and demonstrates that the result of this method is consistent with the real situation, so the method is valid and practical. wire-rope, damage of broken wires, quantitative recognition, equivalent magnetic dipoles, simulate

Contribution of Electromagnetic Field to Atomic Spin

Abstract We examine the contribution of electromagnetic field to the atomic spin, by adopting two different, both gauge invariant definitions of the electromagnetic angular momentum：→JI≡fd3x∈0→r×（→E×→B）and→JII≡fd3x（∈0→E×→A⊥＋∈0Ei→τ× A⊥i）.Notably, at the classical level, →JI gives an exactly null result while →JI gives a finite value. This suggests that Jn leads to a simpler and more reasonable picture of the atomic spin, therefore qualifies as a more appropriate definition of the electromagnetic angular momentum. Our observation gives important hint on the delicate issue of gluon contribution to the nucleon spin.

Unit GDP Energy Consumption in 2006:Moving from Increase to Decline

On July 12, Xie Fuzhan, Commissioner of National Bureau of Statistics of China attended the press conference held by State Council Information Office, and delivered the report on China＇s national unit GDP energy consumption in 2006, presenting with major indicators of unit GDP energy consumption both at national and regional levels in the year 2006.

Hawking Radiation from Spherically Symmetrical Gravitational Collapse to an Extremal R-N Black Hole for a Charged Scalar Field

Si-Jie Gao has recently investigated Hawking radiation from spherically symmetrical gravitational collapse to an extremal R-N black hole for a real scalar field. Especially he estimated the upper bound for the expected number of particles in any wave packet belonging to spontaneously produced from the state , which confirms the traditional belief that extremal black holes do not radiate particles. Making some modifications, we demonstrate that the analysis can go through for a charged scalar field.

Bosonic Operator Realization of Hamiltonian for a Superconducting QuantumInterference Device

Based on the appropriate bosonic phase operator diagonalized in the entangled state representation we construct the Hamiltonian operator model for a superconducting quantum interference device. The current operator and voltage operator equations are derived.

New High Tc-Value Investigated in Superconducting System YBa2（C u3）1-xA gxO6.5x＋δ

A ceramic superconductor compound with composition YBa2（C u3）1-xA gxO6.5x＋δhas been prepared experimentally by solid state reaction from principal roots of high purity materials like Y203, BaO, CuO and Ag20. The study was concentrated on the effect of partial substitution of Ag with respect to Cu atoms by the ratios （x = 0, 1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5） through different analysis and measurements. X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Scanning Electron Microscope （SEM） and Resistivity measurement is play an important role to show the improvement on high superconducting phase. It was found that the best substituted value of （x = 0.5） investigated a favor value of Tc equal nearly to （123 K）, due to more excess of Ag atoms in the structure. X-ray diffraction showed an orthorhombic structure related to high-To phase with high stability through diminishing some peaks related to low temperature superconducting phase, that was related to presence of multiphase derivative from YBCO-phase. SEM pictures give us more details on the surface morphology, grain and grain boundaries, it gives an indication on successful of sintering process, the last one is very important in forming superconducting phase.