电镜检查对原发性肾小球疾病患者肾活检病理类型构成的影响

透射电镜（电镜）的应用对于提高肾小球疾病肾活检诊断水平具有重要作用^[1]。我们回顾性分析了近14年来我科病理室肾活检诊断的温州地区成人原发性肾小球疾病（PGD）的演变趋势，并将近8年的907例电镜检查结果与前6年424例光镜检查结果作比较，探讨电镜的应用对PGD病理类型构成的影响。

体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞的光电镜观察

体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞的光电镜观察姚忠祥，蔡文琴第三军医大学重庆６２００３８Ｐｕｐｎｉｃｋ等在培养微血管内皮细胞时，观察到内皮细胞具有多种不同的形态，并推测其原因可能是它们来源于不同节段的微血管。本研究取正常人足月产胎儿脐静脉内皮细胞体外培养，第五...

慢性粒细胞白血病粒细胞表面阴离子位点研究

观察慢性粒细胞性白血病（ＣＭＬ）患者外周血粒细胞的超微结构及阴离子位点，对后者用图象分析仪作了定量检测。镜下可见早幼粒细胞及各阶段粒细胞，细胞核分化程度不一，细胞间可见胞膜融合现象，幼稚细胞的表面阴离子位点明显增多，且分布不匀。提示细胞表面的阴离子位点与ＣＭＬ细胞的异常分化有关。

Treatment of gastric remnant cancer post distal gastrectomy by endoscopic submucosal dissection using an insulation-tipped diathermic knife

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of endoscopic submucosal dissection using an insulation-tipped diathermic knife (IT-ESD) for the treatment of patients with gastric remnant cancer. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with early gastric cancer in the remnant stomach, who underwent distal gastrectomy due to gastric carcinoma, were treated with endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or ESD at Sumitomo Besshi Hospital and Shikoku Cancer Center in the 10-year period from January 1998 to December 2007, including 17 patients treated with IT-ESD. Retrospectively, patient backgrounds, the one-piece resection rate, complete resection (CR) rate, operation time, bleeding rate, and perforation rate were compared between patients treated with conventional EMR and those treated with IT-ESD. RESULTS: The CR rate (40% in the EMR group vs 82% in the IT-ESD group) was significantly higher in the IT-ESD group than in the EMR group; however, the operation time was significantly longer for the IT- ESD group (57.6 ± 31.9 min vs 21.1 ± 12.2 min). No significant differences were found in the rate of underlying cardiopulmonary disease (IT-ESD group, 12% vs EMR group, 13%), one-piece resection rate (100% vs 73%), bleeding rate (18% vs 6.7%), and perforation rate (0% vs 0%) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: IT-ESD appears to be an effective treatment for gastric remnant cancer post distal gastrectomy because of its high CR rate. It is useful for histological confirmation of successful treatment. Thelong-term outcome needs to be evaluated in the future.

The future of wireless capsule endoscopy

We outline probable and possible developments with wireless capsule endoscopy. It seems likely that capsule endoscopy will become increasingly effective in diagnostic gastrointestinal endoscopy. This will be attractive to patients especially for cancer or varices detection because capsule endoscopy is painless and is likely to have a higher take up rate compared to conventional colonoscopy and gastroscopy. Double imager capsules with increased frame rates have been used to image the esophagus for Barrett's and esophageal varices. The image quality is not bad but needs to be improved if it is to become a realistic substitute for flexible upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. An increase in the frame rate, angle of view, depth of field, image numbers, duration of the procedure and improvements in illumination seem likely. Colonic, esophageal and gastric capsules will improve in quality, eroding the supremacy of flexible endoscopy, and become embedded into screening programs. Therapeutic capsules will emerge with brushing, cytology, fluid aspiration, biopsy and drug delivery capabilities. Electrocautery may also become possible. Diagnostic capsules will integrate physiological measurements with imaging and optical biopsy, and immunologic cancer recognition. Remote control movement will improve with the use of magnets and/or electrostimulation and perhaps electromechanical methods. External wireless commands will influence capsule diagnosis and therapy and will increasingly entail the use of real-time imaging. However, it should be noted that speculations about the future of technology in any detail are almost always wrong.

Treatment of over 20 mm gastric cancer by endoscopic submucosal dissection using an insulation-tipped diathermic knife

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness of endoscopic submucosal dissection using an insulation-tipped diathermic knife （IT-ESD） for the treatment of patients with over 20 mm early gastric cancer （EGC）. METHODS： A total of 112 patients with over 10 mm EGC were treated with IT-ESD at Sumitomo Besshi Hospital and Shikoku Cancer Center in the 5 year period from January 2002 to December 2006, including 40 patients with over 20 mm EGC. We compared patient backgrounds, the one-piece resection rate, complete resection （CR） rate, operation time, bleeding rate, perforation rate between patients with over 20 mm EGC [over 20 mm group （21-40 ram）] and the remaining patients （under 20 mm group）. RESULTS： We found no significant difference in the rate of underlying cardiopulmonary disease （over 20 mm group vs under 20 mm group, 5.0% vs 5.6%）, one- piece resection rate （95% vs 96%）, CR rate （85% vs 89%）, operation time （72.3 rain vs 66.5 rain）, bleeding rate （50 vs 4.2%）, and perforation rate （0% vs 1.4%） between the 2 groups. Three patients in each group had submucosal invasion and two in each groups underwent additional surgery. CONCLUSION： There was no significant difference in the outcome resulting from IT-ESD between the 2 groups. Our study proves that IT-ESD is a feasible treatment for patients with over 20 mm mucosal gastric cancer although the long-term outcome should be evaluated in the future.

Effect of Oleic Acid Tris-(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate Phosphate Ester on Biodegradability and Tribological Performance of Mineral Lubricating Oil

The oil solubility of synthetic oleic acid tris-(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate phosphate ester(abbreviated as OHTP hereinafter) and its influence on the biodegradability and tribological performance of 400 SN mineral oil were investigated on a tester and a four-ball tribotester,respectively,for fast evaluating the biodegradability of lubricants.Furthermore,the morphologies and tribochemical species of the worn surfaces lubricated by OHTP-doped oil were studied by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope(XPS).The results indicated that OHTP possessed good oil solubility and could improve obviously the biodegradability,the extreme pressure properties,the anti-wear properties and friction-reducing properties of the 400 SN mineral oil.The analytical results of XPS spectra showed that the composite boundary lubrication films were mainly composed of absorbed films and tribochemical species such as FePO-4,Fe_3(PO_4)_2,Fe_2O_3 and Fe_3O_4,which contributed to improving the tribological performances.

Congenital absence of the splenic artery and splenic vein accompanied with a duodenal ulcer and deformity

Congenital absence of the splenic artery is a very rare condition.To the best of our knowledge, congenital absence of the splenic artery accompanied with absence of the splenic vein has not been reported.We report a case of the absence of the splenic artery and vein in a 61-year-old woman who presented with postprandial epigastric discomfort. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a dilated, pulsatile vessel in the fundus and duodenal stenosis. An abdominal computed tomography(CT)scan revealed absence of the splenic vein with a tortuously engorged gastroepiploic vein.Three-dimensional CT demonstrated the tortuously dilated left gastric artery and the left gastroepiploic artery with non-visualization of the splenic artery.After administration of a proton pump inhibitor,abdominal symptoms resolved without any recurrence of symptoms during 6 mo of follow-up.

Development of a continuum robot for colonoscopy

A novel continuum robot for colonoscopy is presented.The aim is to develop a robot for colonoscopywhich can provide the same functions as conventional colonoscope,but much less pain and discomfort forpatient.In contrast to traditional rigid-link robot,the robot features a continuous backbone with nojoints.The continuum robot is 300 mm in total length and 12 mm in diameter that is less than the averagediameter of human colon(20 mm).The robot has a total of 4 DOF(degrees of freedom)and is actuatedremotely by 6 hybrid step motors through super-elastic NiTi wires.Its shape can be changed with highdexterity,therefore ensuring its adaptability to the tortuous shape of human colon.The mechanical struc-ture,kinematics and DSP-based control system are discussed; prototype experiments are carried out tovalidate the kinematics model and to show the motion performances.

电镜及原子力显微镜观察生殖支原体形态学的初步探讨

目的 为了对初步分离成功的生殖支原体进行进一步鉴定。方法 用电子显微镜及原子力显微镜对生殖支原体标准株及分离株进行形态学的初步观察。将标本固定于云母上 ,在接触及轻敲模式下扫描成像 ,操作在常温常压下进行。结果和结论 电镜下生殖支原体多呈烧瓶状或鸭梨形 ,有突出的颈部及膨大的头端。原子力显微镜观察结果与之类似 ,典型者多呈烧瓶状或鸭梨形 ,颈体部多有明显缩窄环或切痕 。

Detecting Magma Mixing Processes Using Scanning Electron Microscopy Method

This review work explains some of the most important techniques to detect the occurrence of magma mixing phenomena in the volcanic rocks by using SEM （scanning electron microscope）. In particular, the most useful methods related to the different types of mixing are reviewed： complete mixing （blending） or incomplete mixing （mingling）. For blending, backscattered electron images and EDS （energy dispersive spectroscopy） are the most accurate methods： an example taken from a sample of ash of the 2007 Stromboli volcano eruption was used. For mingling, the best method is given by X-ray elemental mapping （in particular of Ca and Si）, as explained through the example taken from a sample of the 2003 explosive eruption of Soufriere Hills volcano. The aim of this work was to establish whereas would be useful to use backscattered eletron images, EDS, or X-ray elemental mapping techniques, according to the different types of mixing that occur very often in magmatic systems.

Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energydispersive X-ray spectrometry for quick detection of sulfuroxidizing bacteria in environmental water samples

Detection of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria has largely been dependent on targeted gene sequencing technology or traditional cell cultivation, which usually takes from days to months to carry out. This clearly does not meet the requirements of analysis for time-sensitive samples and/or complicated environmental samples. Since energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDS) can be used to simultaneously detect multiple elements in a sample, including sulfur, with minimal sample treatment, this technology was applied to detect sulfur-oxidizing bacteria using their high sulfur content within the cell. This article describes the application of scanning electron microscopy imaging coupled with EDS mapping for quick detection of sulfur oxidizers in contaminated environmental water samples, with minimal sample handling. Scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed the existence of dense granules within the bacterial cells, while EDS identified large amounts of sulfur within them. EDS mapping localized the sulfur to these granules. Subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the bacteria detected in our samples belonged to the genus Chromatium, which are sulfur oxidizers. Thus, EDS mapping made it possible to identify sulfur oxidizers in environmental samples based on localized sulfur within their cells, within a short time(within 24 h of sampling). This technique has wide ranging applications for detection of sulfur bacteria in environmental water samples.

Inhibitory effects of cyproheptadine on pituitary-thyroid axis and pancreatic β cells in rats

目的：研究赛庚啶（Ｃｙｐ）对大鼠垂体甲状腺轴和胰岛β细胞内分泌功能的影响．方法：用放射免疫测定法及生化分析法观察赛庚啶对大鼠垂体甲状腺轴和胰岛β细胞内分泌功能的影响．结果：Ｃｙｐ２３ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，ｉｇ１０ｄ，使大鼠血清ＴＳＨ、胰岛素含量均降低，而Ｔ３、Ｔ４及血糖水平无明显改变．Ｃｙｐ４６ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１引起血清ＴＳＨ、Ｔ３、Ｔ４和胰岛素含量显著降低，血糖水平明显升高；垂体ＴＳＨ细胞和胰岛β细胞的超微结构亦发生不同程度的退行性变化．

图像分析仪定量大鼠心房肌特殊颗粒及线粒体的应用

为了解决透射电镜图像某些特征信息不能直接用图像分析仪全自动方式定量的问题。我们应用ＩＢＡＳ图像分析仪半自动方式人工识别心房肌特征结构心房特殊颗粒及线粒体。结果表明此种方法能较准确测定全自动方式灰度识别不能测定的特征结构。因此，图像分析仪与人工识别相结合的半自动方式比全自动方式灰度识别具有更广泛的应用价值。

Influence of ash composition on the sintering behavior during pressurized combustion and gasification process

To determine the ash characteristics during fluidized bed combustion and gasification purposes, the investigation of the impacts of chemical composition of Jincheng coal ash on the sintering temperature was conducted. A series of experiments on the sintering behavior at 0.5 MPa was performed using the pressurized pressure-drop technique in the combustion and gasification atmospheres. Meanwhile, the mineral transformations of sintered ash pellets were observed using X-ray diffractometer （XRD） analyzer to better understand the experimental results. In addition, quantitative XRD and field emission scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer （FE-SEM/EDS） analyses of ash samples were used for clarifying the detailed ash melting mechanism. These results show that the addition of Fe203 can obviously reduce the sintering temperatures under gasification atmospheres, and only affect a little the sintering temperature under combustion atmosphere. This may be due to the presence of iron-bearing minerals, which will react with other ash compositions to produce low-melting-point eutectics. The FE-SEM/EDS analyses of ash samples with Fe203 additive show consistent results with the XRD measurements. The CaO and Na20 can reduce the sintering temperatures under both the combustion and gasification atmospheres. This can be also contributed to the formation of low-melting-point eutectics, decreasing the sintering temperature. Moreover, the fluxing minerals, such as magnetite, anhydrite, muscovite, albite and nepheline, contribute mostly to the reduction of the sintering temperature while the feldspar minerals, such as anorthite, gehlenite and sanidine, can react with other minerals to produce low-melting-point eutectics, and thereby reduce the sintering temperatures.