一种利用扫描电镜观察植物样本表面结构的实用方法

本文以诱导体细胞胚胎发生的虎眼万年青鳞片外植体为材料，介绍了一种利用扫描电镜观察植物样本表面结构的实用方法．其技术要点是利用碘化钾和醋酸双氧铀作双重导电染色取代喷金以节省实验费用，用高锰酸钾取代锇酸对植物材料进行后固定以增强反差并延长耐受观察的时间．实验结果显示，使用该方法可以取得良好的扫描电镜观察效果．对于使用高锰酸钾固定液容易引发的材料碎裂和受杂质污染等问题。

银杏雄株花粉特征观察与分类研究

连续2年采集分布在江苏省的89株银杏雄株的花序,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察银杏雄株花粉,探讨银杏雄株种质资源的分类情况。结果表明:①银杏雄株花粉表面纹饰主要表现为4种类型,即球珠镶嵌型、贝甲镶嵌型、线纹镶嵌型和弧纹镶嵌型。②银杏雄株花粉壁厚度为0.861～1.076μm,外壁厚度是内壁的2～6倍。③经对花粉形状指数进行三元变量系统聚类分析,供试雄株可分为4种类型,与花粉形状指数的分类数相同,Ⅰ类4株,Ⅱ类34株,Ⅲ类47株,Ⅳ类4株,证明雄株间花粉表面纹饰和壁厚度性状指标存在显著或极显著差异。

纳米颗粒测试的几种方法

纳米颗粒测试的6种常见方法分别为透射电镜观察法、X射线衍射线宽法、X射线小角散射法、BET比表面积法、离心沉降法和动态光散射法。其中透射电镜观察法和X射线衍射线宽法由于技术成熟,是现在纳米颗粒测试的主要方法;X射线小角散射法随着分形几何理论的发展,受到了越来越多的重视;BET比表面积法、离心沉降法是早期实验室中的常用方法;动态光散射法具有不破坏、不干扰体系原有状态的优点,测量范围为1～5000nm,这是上述5种方法所不能比拟的,特别适用于工业化生产中产品粒径的检测。

膜抗菌性评价方法概述

膜的生物污染是目前影响膜性能的一种主要污染类型,生物污染是膜污染中最难清洗和控制的。通过构建抗菌性表面抑制生物污染,成为抑制膜生物污染形成的有效手段,目前有很多评价膜抗菌性的方法,但尚没有一个规范统一的评价方法去评价膜的抗菌性能,本文详细阐述了目前应用较多的抑菌圈法、贴膜法、浸渍培养法、扫描电镜法、荧光显微镜法、生物污染强化实验等评价方法,并提出应建立一种科学、合理、容易操作的标准抗菌性测试方法.

Preparation and Characterization of High Purity Enriched 10B Boric Acid via Anti-Solvent Recrystallization

Self-made enriched IUB boric acid as raw material was purified by recrystallization. The effects of final crystallization temperature, crystallization time, stirring speed, crystallization frequency and other factors on the purity were investigated. The appropriate operating condition was that the final crystallization temperature and time were 5 ℃ and 10 h respectively under a low-speed stirring for crystallizing twice, which would make the purity and yield of boric acid reach 99.94% and 95.36%, respectively. Taking this as foundation, recrystallization process was optimized with acetone as anti-solvent, whose amount was the most important index. The boric acid solution was added into acetone and recrystallized under the same condition, and the purity and yield of boric acid would reach 99.98% and 99.61%, respectively. The product detected by XRD was confirmed as boric acid crystal. Main ion concentration in the product was detected by ICP, which basically met the national standard of high purity. Crystal morphology of boric acid was observed by SEM.

Comparison of microwave-assisted extraction of aloe-emodin in aloe with Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction

This paper reports the extraction of aloe-emodin from aloe by microwave-assisted extraction. The effects of various factors, including the solvent, the ratio （mL/g） of the solvent to the sample, microwave irradiation time and microwave power, were discussed in the experiments. The yield of aloe-emodin was determined by HPLC. The optimized conditions for micro- wave-assisted extraction of aloe-emodin were concluded as follows： the solvent is 80% ethanol （V/V） solution, microwave ir- radiation time is 3 rain and microwave power is 340 W. Additionally, HPLC fingerprint was developed for consistency evalua- tion of aloe. The similarities of 3 aloe samples obtained by microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction were more than 0.9, indicating that 3 aloe samples were consistent. Compared with Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave extraction is a rapid method with higher yield and less solvent consumption. Aloe samples treated by microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and Soxhlet extraction were observed using transmission electronic microscopy. The micrographs provide evidence of more breakage of chloroplasts treated by micro- wave-assisted extraction as compared to Soxhlet extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction.

Protective effect of Sijunzi decoction on neuromuscular junction ultrastructure in autoimmune myasthenia gravis rats

OBJECTⅣE: To investigate the protective role of Sijunzi decoction in neuromuscular junction(NMJ)and muscle cell mitochondria ultrastructure; as well as its effects on the amount of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) and the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ in autoimmune myasthenia gravis rats.METHODS: An experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis(EAMG) rat model was established by inoculating rats with acetylcholine receptors extracted from Torpedo. Rats were divided into three groups: model, prednisone, and Sijunzi decoction, and were fed physiological saline, prednisone, or Sijunzi decoction, respectively. NMJ and muscle cell mitochondria ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscope. The amount of ATP was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography. The activities ofmitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ,and Ⅳ was determined using the Clark oxygen electrode method.RESULTS: In the model group, there were sparse muscle fibers, with decreased mitochondria, and sparse, diffluent, or absent NMJ folds. After intervention with Sijunzi decoction, the above pathology changes were improved: muscle fiber structure was clear and complete; the mitochondria count was higher; and the NMJ structure was close to normal. Gastrocnemius muscle mitochondria in the model group produced significantly less ATP than those in the prednisone group(P<0.01). Conversely, the ATP of Sijunzi decoction group was significantly higher than prednisone group(P<0.01). The activities of gastrocnemius muscle mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ in both the prednisone and Sijunzi decoction groups was dramatically higher compared with the model group(P<0.05). The activities of complexes I and Ⅲ in the Sijunzi decoction group were significantly higher than those in the prednisone group(P<0.05), but there was no obvious difference in complex Ⅱ or Ⅳ activities between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Sijunzi decoction improved pathological changes in muscle mitochondria and NMJ,enhanced the amount of ATP in gastrocnemius muscle mitochondria, and improved the activities of respiratory chain complexes I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ(especially I and Ⅲ) of the EAMG rats.