In this study, we investigated the essential role of feed solution pH so as to gain insights into the transport mechanisms of succinic acid concentration by osmotically-driven forward osmosis （FO） process. FO perfor...In this study, we investigated the essential role of feed solution pH so as to gain insights into the transport mechanisms of succinic acid concentration by osmotically-driven forward osmosis （FO） process. FO performances including water flux and bidirectional transport of succinate and chloride anions were systematically examined using cellulose triacetate-based FO membrane. Additionally, real seawater was explored as draw solution. Experimental results revealed that the pH-dependent speciation of succinic acid can affect the FO performances. Ionization of succinic acid at higher solution pH enhanced the osmotic pressure of feed solution, thus leading to lower water flux performance. A strong effect was pointed out on the succinate rejection for which nearly 100% rejections were achieved at pH above its pKa2 value. The rejection of succinate increased in the following order of chemical form： C2H4C2O4H2 〈 C2H4C2OH- 〈 C2H4C2O24-. With real seawater as the draw solution, low to moderate water fluxes （〈4 L. m- 2. h- 1 ） were observed. The divalent succinate anion was highly retained in the feed side despite differences in the succinic acid feed concentration at pH of approximately 6.90.展开更多
Haiguo Tuzhi （Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms） is one of the earliest gazetteers in early modern China. In order to change the Chinese view of the outside world, scholax-official Wei Yuma （1794-1857）...Haiguo Tuzhi （Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms） is one of the earliest gazetteers in early modern China. In order to change the Chinese view of the outside world, scholax-official Wei Yuma （1794-1857） mad his contemporaries compiled this gazetteer in the middle of the 19th century. Haiguo Tuzhi contains numerous geographical, historical, mad political details covering both the western and eastern hemispheres, which derived from the known information on Western researches and Chinese macient texts from the Tang Dynasty （618-907） to Ming Dynasty （1368-1644）. Haiguo Tuzhi is a significmat work in China, which affected the modernization movement around East Asia, such as Meiji Restoration in Japma. There axe two juan, or scrolls concerning Turkey （the Ottoman Empire）, called southern Duluji （Turkey） mad northern Tuluji （Turkey）, in Haiguo Tuzhi＇s ＂Southwest Ocean＂ part and ＂Great West Ocema＂ part covering the origin of Turkish state, the geographical location and circumstance of Turkey, the distribution of ethnic groups throughout this country, the relationship between Turkey and European countries, the religious situation, mad the policies carried out by Turkish monarchs. Although Haguo Tuzhi is a pmaoramic opus which focuses on the whole outline of countries, it also documents plenty details about Turkish clothing, dietary habits, and characters of people. Haguo Tuzhi provides a chmace to learn the Chinese impressions on Turkish state and people in 19th century展开更多
基金the financial support for this work provided by the LRGS/2013/UKM-UKM/PT/03 grant from the Ministry of Education Malaysia
文摘In this study, we investigated the essential role of feed solution pH so as to gain insights into the transport mechanisms of succinic acid concentration by osmotically-driven forward osmosis （FO） process. FO performances including water flux and bidirectional transport of succinate and chloride anions were systematically examined using cellulose triacetate-based FO membrane. Additionally, real seawater was explored as draw solution. Experimental results revealed that the pH-dependent speciation of succinic acid can affect the FO performances. Ionization of succinic acid at higher solution pH enhanced the osmotic pressure of feed solution, thus leading to lower water flux performance. A strong effect was pointed out on the succinate rejection for which nearly 100% rejections were achieved at pH above its pKa2 value. The rejection of succinate increased in the following order of chemical form： C2H4C2O4H2 〈 C2H4C2OH- 〈 C2H4C2O24-. With real seawater as the draw solution, low to moderate water fluxes （〈4 L. m- 2. h- 1 ） were observed. The divalent succinate anion was highly retained in the feed side despite differences in the succinic acid feed concentration at pH of approximately 6.90.
文摘Haiguo Tuzhi （Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms） is one of the earliest gazetteers in early modern China. In order to change the Chinese view of the outside world, scholax-official Wei Yuma （1794-1857） mad his contemporaries compiled this gazetteer in the middle of the 19th century. Haiguo Tuzhi contains numerous geographical, historical, mad political details covering both the western and eastern hemispheres, which derived from the known information on Western researches and Chinese macient texts from the Tang Dynasty （618-907） to Ming Dynasty （1368-1644）. Haiguo Tuzhi is a significmat work in China, which affected the modernization movement around East Asia, such as Meiji Restoration in Japma. There axe two juan, or scrolls concerning Turkey （the Ottoman Empire）, called southern Duluji （Turkey） mad northern Tuluji （Turkey）, in Haiguo Tuzhi＇s ＂Southwest Ocean＂ part and ＂Great West Ocema＂ part covering the origin of Turkish state, the geographical location and circumstance of Turkey, the distribution of ethnic groups throughout this country, the relationship between Turkey and European countries, the religious situation, mad the policies carried out by Turkish monarchs. Although Haguo Tuzhi is a pmaoramic opus which focuses on the whole outline of countries, it also documents plenty details about Turkish clothing, dietary habits, and characters of people. Haguo Tuzhi provides a chmace to learn the Chinese impressions on Turkish state and people in 19th century
