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清代陕西农村畜养业的发展与牲畜产品输出 被引量:3
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作者 张萍 《中国历史地理论丛》 CSSCI 北大核心 2009年第3期51-67,共17页
本文选取了清代陕西较重要的产业——农村畜养业作为研究对象,探讨了它的地域发展特征,牲畜市场的结构与分布,牲畜输出,初步匡算出清代陕西的年牲畜交易量。指出清代陕西农村畜养业具有普遍性的特点,遍在的农家耕畜需求以及作为交通工... 本文选取了清代陕西较重要的产业——农村畜养业作为研究对象,探讨了它的地域发展特征,牲畜市场的结构与分布,牲畜输出,初步匡算出清代陕西的年牲畜交易量。指出清代陕西农村畜养业具有普遍性的特点,遍在的农家耕畜需求以及作为交通工具役使,促进了农村畜养业的发展。另外,本地地近塞北,处于农牧分界地区,陕北部分州县半农半牧,故畜牧业发达。牲畜的交易与地方良种培育具有地缘优势,陕北"佳米驴",关中"秦川牛"、"关中驴"、"关中骡"在清代均形成地方品牌,是清代陕西对外输出的牲畜良种,在全国颇具知名度。这里每年牲畜交易十分频繁,牲畜市场发育最完善。清末陕西年牲畜交易量大体在20-40万头之间,牲畜税是地方商品中征收最多的税种,也构成陕西地方财政最重要的来源与补充。从这一点来说,它也是清代陕西地方经济发展有别于其它经济发达省区的一个重要特征。 展开更多
关键词 清代 陕西 农村畜养业 牲畜市场 牲畜输出
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明清时期畜养业结构的变化
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作者 王社教 《中国历史地理论丛》 CSSCI 北大核心 2001年第3期80-86,共7页
本文主要根据历史文献资料的相关记载对明清时期畜养业结构的变化进行了初步探讨。总体而言 ,无论是在牧区还是在农区 ,牧马业的地位都呈下降趋势 ,而牛、羊、猪及各种家禽的饲养则逐渐走向繁荣 ,其中牛、羊的放牧在北方较为普遍 ,猪及... 本文主要根据历史文献资料的相关记载对明清时期畜养业结构的变化进行了初步探讨。总体而言 ,无论是在牧区还是在农区 ,牧马业的地位都呈下降趋势 ,而牛、羊、猪及各种家禽的饲养则逐渐走向繁荣 ,其中牛、羊的放牧在北方较为普遍 ,猪及各种家禽的饲养则以南方为盛。明清时期畜养业结构的这种变化与当时社会政治经济形势的变化有密切的关系 ,是各种因素综合作用的结果 。 展开更多
关键词 明朝 清朝 畜养业结构 养马政策 经济
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黑龙江省农业跨世纪发展的战略选择
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作者 梁宗丹 《理论探讨》 CSSCI 北大核心 1999年第4期32-35,共4页
关键词 黑龙江省农 跨世纪发展 畜养业 战略选择 人均粮食 畜产品 农产品流通 农牧结构 产粮大省 和农村经济
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“互文”具有语言经济的特点吗 被引量:1
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作者 李中生 《当代修辞学》 CSSCI 1998年第3期24-24,共1页
有的学者认为,互文这种修辞方式在表达上具有行文简洁、语言经济的特点。这种说法,对于词语互文和单句互文来说,或许可以说得过去。如成语“披星戴月”,表达的是“披星月戴星月”(或“披戴星披戴月”、“披戴星与月”);“秦时明月汉时关... 有的学者认为,互文这种修辞方式在表达上具有行文简洁、语言经济的特点。这种说法,对于词语互文和单句互文来说,或许可以说得过去。如成语“披星戴月”,表达的是“披星月戴星月”(或“披戴星披戴月”、“披戴星与月”);“秦时明月汉时关”(王昌龄《出塞》),表达的是“秦汉时明月秦汉时关”.运用互文,是省了文字。但从复句互文来说,语言经济的说法则难以成立。比如: 展开更多
关键词 语言经济 “互文” 畜养业 大夫 明月 秦汉 分施 修辞方式 说法 《出塞》
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Economic Analysis of Pollution Caused by Animal Farming in China
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作者 周静 马友华 +2 位作者 栾敬东 刘鹏凌 张贵友 《Agricultural Science & Technology》 CAS 2014年第7期1219-1222,共4页
The research introduced pollution caused by animal farming on waters,agricultural lands,and atmosphere,as well as environment pollution and economic causes.Furthermore,a series of economic policies were proposed on pr... The research introduced pollution caused by animal farming on waters,agricultural lands,and atmosphere,as well as environment pollution and economic causes.Furthermore,a series of economic policies were proposed on preventing animal farming,such as definition of rights property,economic impetus and circular farming. 展开更多
关键词 Animal farming Environment pollution Economic causes Prevention measures
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Estimation of interannual trends of ammonia emissions from agriculture in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2017 被引量:4
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作者 HUANG Jiayu XIONG Ruonan +2 位作者 FANG Li LI Tianling SHEN Weishou 《Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters》 CSCD 2020年第3期268-273,共6页
As the only alkaline gas in the atmosphere,ammonia could react with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to form the secondary particles.A large amount of NH3 in the atmosphere accelerates the rate of formation of fine ... As the only alkaline gas in the atmosphere,ammonia could react with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to form the secondary particles.A large amount of NH3 in the atmosphere accelerates the rate of formation of fine particles;it therefore plays an important role in haze pollution.Livestock and poultry farming and nitrogen fertilizer application are the two main NH3 emission sources.Jiangsu Province contributes the largest proportion of NH3 emissions from agriculture in key areas of national air pollution control in China.The aims of this study are to investigate NH3 emissions from agriculture in Jiangsu Province using the emissions factor method,and analyze and summarize the characteristics and trends of NH3 emissions from 2000 to 2017.Results show that the NH3 emissions from agriculture in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2017 were mainly contributed by livestock and poultry farming(78.08%)and nitrogen fertilizer application(21.92%).Furthermore,a general fluctuation trend of an initial decrease and then an increase,of NH3 emissions from agriculture,could be found from 2000 to 2012,with minimum NH3 emissions in 2007(708.76 kt yr−1)and maximum emissions in 2012(837.64 kt yr−1);and then a decreasing trend was apparent from 2012(837.64 kt yr−1)to 2017(690.64 kt yr−1).A detailed estimation of the interannual trends and potential measures are also proposed.This study provides a solid theoretical foundation for the development of NH3 emissions control in Jiangsu Province. 展开更多
关键词 Agricultural source ammonia emissions livestock and poultry farming nitrogen fertilizer application
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Current Status and Possibilities for the Development of the Cattle Breeding in the Primorsko-Goranska County, Croatia
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作者 P. Mijic M. Domacinovic +3 位作者 I. Klaric T. Bobic M. Brajan D. Sostaric 《Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A)》 2011年第4X期536-543,共8页
At the beginning of 2007 the milk producers from the Primorsko-Goranska County, Croatia were surveyed through the questionnaire in order to determine the current status and to highlight the obstacles and the possibili... At the beginning of 2007 the milk producers from the Primorsko-Goranska County, Croatia were surveyed through the questionnaire in order to determine the current status and to highlight the obstacles and the possibilities of development and improvement of the modern cattle breeding in the observed county. The questionnaire spanned 2001-2006 period and all together 260 families were surveyed. The survey aimed to get as much as possible useful information's that would indicate the problems concerning the cattle breeding in this area, and based on these results to give certain guidelines for the improvement of current status. Older age of milk producers, significant number of family farms with small number of cattle and difficult implementation of selective measures due to the small number of cows that were included in milk recording were determined as the main obstacles for cattle breeding development in the surveyed county. It is emphasized that development of cattle breeding in this area should be based upon the increased number of family farms with larger herds. To achieve this it is necessary to retain existing cattle fund, and then gradually increase the number of cattle in the mentioned county through the import of breeding heifers of dairy and combined breeds from neighboring European countries with highly developed cattle breeding. Besides that, it is also necessary to create conditions for the production of organic (ecological) products, which represents the future of agriculture, livestock production, bearing in mind that demanding European market has recognized the value of organic agricultural products that were produced through environment friendly production, which Primorsko-Goranska County, due to its significant natural resources, could easily assure. 展开更多
关键词 CATTLE Primorsko-Goranska County STATUS PERSPECTIVE Croatia.
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Iteration Linear Programming Method and Livestock Ration Optimization
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作者 Zhang Yongying Wang Jihua Wang Suihua Liu Bo Zhang Weifeng 《Feed & Livestock》 2013年第4期26-32,共7页
Iterative linear programming methods are proposed for optimum balanced animal diet in this paper. According to "wooden bucket theory" of the nutritional balance, each nutrient in the feeding standard has equal impor... Iterative linear programming methods are proposed for optimum balanced animal diet in this paper. According to "wooden bucket theory" of the nutritional balance, each nutrient in the feeding standard has equal importance. It's unreasonable to use common goal programming to attach different weighted value to different nutritional parameters. This paper introduces an effective algorithm to deal with this kind of problem. When the permitting cost of livestock ration is given, we can design a ration formula with linear program-this is the first round. Then, according to the differences between the permitting cost and the formula cost gained in the first round, adjust the feeding standard and the feeding raw materials, and conduct the second round of linear programming for ration formula. If there is still a very big difference between the formula cost and the permitting cost, the third round will be taken, and so on. In this iteration course the formula cost gradually approaches the permitting cost. It is the key that the feeding standard and feeding raw materials are modified in each round. This method ensured the nutritive equilibrium with the formulation of least-cost ration. This is an especially important method when the primary goal of the optimization tool is to improve economic and nutritive efficiency. 展开更多
关键词 RATION FORMULATION nutrient requirements objective programming linear programming feeding standard raw material nutritive equilibrium
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从我国早期畜牧民的产生看第一次社会大分工 被引量:6
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作者 罗琨 张永山 《历史研究》 1988年第5期21-35,共15页
一、缘起一百年前,恩格斯在《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》中,提出了第一次社会大分工的理论,即"游牧部落从其余野蛮人群中分离出来".又具体论述道:"在野蛮时代中级阶段,我们看到游牧民族已有牲畜作为财产,这种财产,到了... 一、缘起一百年前,恩格斯在《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》中,提出了第一次社会大分工的理论,即"游牧部落从其余野蛮人群中分离出来".又具体论述道:"在野蛮时代中级阶段,我们看到游牧民族已有牲畜作为财产,这种财产,到了成为相当数量的畜群的时候,就可以经常提供超出自身消费的若干余剩;同时,我们也看到了游牧民族和没有畜群的落后部落之间的分工,从而看到了两个并列的不同的生产阶段,也就是看到了进行经常交换的条件","从第一次社会大分工中,也就产生了第一次社会大分裂,即分裂为两个阶级:主人和奴隶,剥削者和被剥削者". 展开更多
关键词 第一次社会大分工 畜牧 新石器时代早期 齐家文化 工具 原始农 畜养业 游牧部落 文化遗存 青铜时代
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