基于人因安全心理视角下人员疏散时间模型研究

为提高疏散时间模型的可靠度,基于人因工程中安全心理因素理论对高校宿舍疏散时间模型进行研究。采用了多元线性回归分析和曲线估计方法,通过疏散演习获取实验数据,构建安全疏散心理因素指标,在人员疏散时间回归模型的基础上,结合SPSS软件的回归分析,建立了疏散时间回归方程。在考虑群集疏散速度的前提下,对疏散时间方程进行优化,并利用Origin等高线图直观地表现了疏散时间、速度、人数三个变量的关系。结果表明:疏散时间主要受性别、楼层、指挥者和环境熟悉度的影响,疏散人数与疏散时间呈三次曲线关系,研究结果可为人员疏散设计和疏散方案的制定、疏散路径的优化提供参考。

地铁车站人员疏散离散时间模型研究

疏散时间对于保证地铁车站这类复杂建筑结构内人群的安全至关重要,本文借鉴群集流动理论建立了用于计算地铁车站人群移动时间的疏散离散时间模型(EDTM),模型中的人群流动系数取值不同于传统计算公式中的常量,依据的是经典的车站人群密度与速度函数关系式。将此模型用于某地铁车站站台层,求解楼梯出口疏散人数与时间的关系,并与Building EXODUS疏散软件的模拟结果以及传统地铁车站疏散时间计算公式的计算结果进行了对比,分析表明,EDTM计算结果与EXODUS疏散模拟结果非常接近,且比传统公式计算更为精确和符合实际情况。该计算模型可以为地铁车站人群疏散时间计算、建筑出口性能化设计,以及地铁车站事故应急预案的制定提供更有效的工具。

离散时间疏散模型在建筑出口设计中的应用

针对单元疏散空间的疏散能力问题,提出了单元疏散空间(建筑物只有一个出口)的离散时间疏散模型.模型中考虑了人群密度对疏散能力的影响,改变以往把建筑出口疏散能力视为常数而带来的不能真实反应其疏散能力的状况.结果表明:初始疏散密度确定时,在不同的出口宽度下,C型疏散时间略小于L型疏散时间,这种时间差距随着出口宽度的减小而减小,计算结果与Simulex模拟得出的结果近似;建筑物的疏散能力与出口宽度之间呈非线性关系;根据滞留情况,可以确定建筑的最佳出口宽度.模型能够真实地反映出口疏散能力,研究结果可以用于建筑出口的性能化设计.

地铁火灾事故中人员疏散时间计算模型与仿真

结合地铁车站火灾事故中人员疏散过程的实际情况,综合考虑人员响应、客流下车、离开站台、通过检票口、通过楼扶梯和通道5个过程的客流实际疏散情况,开展疏散试验,对人员疏散行为进行定量研究,同时利用试验数据对疏散时间计算公式和疏散模型进行验证和参数标定,建立基于不同空间环境客流密度的地铁车站分段客流疏散时间计算模型。选取典型地下二层岛式地铁车站为研究对象,设定疏散场景及参数,应用所建立的计算模型对疏散时间进行计算,其计算结果与使用《NFPA 130:轨道交通客运系统标准》所推荐的计算方法的计算结果接近,验证了分段客流疏散时间计算模型的可行性。最后,利用基于社会力模型的Anylogic软件对疏散过程进行仿真,将仿真结果与计算结果进行对比,结果表明,本文提出的分段客流疏散时间计算模型的计算结果误差较小,相对较为合理。

震时中学应急疏散模型建立的探究

如何有效预防和减少地震及其他突发事件导致的人员伤亡,已成为国内外公共安全工作和研究的重中之重。本文从汶川地震中中学生的伤亡情况、人员疏散状态和疏散时间密切相关的特点出发,阐述了建立中学校园疏散时间模型的必要性。以中学生在面对地震等灾害情况时的心理和行为规律的研究为基础,探究了采用回归分析法建立应急疏散时间与各影响因素之间的回归模型的想法,并且建立人员应急疏散运动时间预测模型的可行性方法。

Computer simulation of evacuation in underground coal mines

In order to study the evacuation behavior of miners during accidents,we analyzed the rational layout of a safe chamber,and improved evacuation efficiency.A visual model of evacuation was developed and used to simulate the evacuation process of mines,given their special underground environments.In our simulation,the working faces of a coal mine and nearby tunnels were divided into 0.5 m×0.5 m grids to reflect the location of occupants and obstacles.Based on a "flow potential of the occupant",we determined the direction of movement and routes of occupants.In the model,evacuation speed changed as a function of crowd density,with an average speed of 1.30 m/s.The model also takes into account detection time of the disaster and the personnel response time.Evacuation time,exit flow rate and evacuation path were obtained by simulation.The results indicate that using simulation technology can present a more visual evacuation process and show the behavior of occupants.Our establishment of a mine safety evacuation system has merit as reference value.

Human evacuation affected by smoke movement in mine fires

The objective of this work is to investigate the influence of smoke movement during mine fires on miner evacuation behaviors. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics method was conducted to reconstruct the lane- way conveyor belt fire scenes under two ventilating conditions. The parameters, including temperature-time histories, soot density, carbon monoxide and heat release rate, were simulated to characterize the mine fires at various ventilating speeds. A miner evacuation model affected by fire smoke movement was advanced to describe the miner evacuation behaviors, which can be divided into three stages. Based on the evacuation model coupled with the mine fire smoke movement, the available safety evacuation time for miners involved in coal mine fire located in different sites was estimated. Two evacuation patterns were advanced according to the ventilating speeds combined with the model of miner evacuation behaviors. The results show that the miners located between the inlet-air end and the air door in lane 1 should be evacuated to the inlet-air end and other miners involved in coal mine fire could choose the air door as the escaping destination, when the ventilation speed is greater than 3 m/s. Accordingly, the research can be used as references for the mine safety administration authorities to design the safety evacuation.