Correlation Between Granulomatous Mastitis and Autoimmune Function and the Immuneregulating Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Granulomatous mastitis(GM)is a benign granulomatous condition,and its pathogenesis may be related to autoimmune disorders.Cellular immunity,humoral immunity,immunoglobulins,and complement could all play a role in the disease process,showing certain clinical patterns.Corticosteroids can quickly control disease progression,and immunosuppressants can be used for complex and refractory GM cases.In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),“healthy qi”is similar to immune system function.For GM with deficient healthy qi,TCM treatments such as internal and external herbal applications can help regulate immune function and shorten disease duration by staged and TCM treatment,regulating viscera,reinforcing healthy qi,and eliminating pathogenic factors.

中牧股份生物制品有限公司系列讲座(二)——免疫预防基础知识

四、疫苗的剂量 1.疫苗的剂量太少或不足,不足以刺激机体产生足够的免疫效应,剂量过大可能引起免疫麻痹或毒性反应,所以疫苗使用剂量应严格按产品说明书进行。目前很多人为保险而将剂量加大几售使用,是完全没必要甚至有害的。 2.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of IAA in Anthers of the Photoperiod-sensitive Genic Male-sterile Rice

The immunohistochemical localization of IAA and the comparison of their relative levels were carried out for the first time in the anthers of Nongken 58S and its wild type Nongken 58 (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica) after long_day and short_day treatments. The distribution of free_IAA in anthers and its dynamic variation could be reflected by this method. The results showed that the IAA level in the anthers of Nongken 58S after long_day treatment was much lower than that in short_day_treated Nongken 58S and those in wild type Nongken 58 in five stages from pistil and stamen primordia formation to late uninucleate stage. The possible reasons for IAA deficiency in Nongken 58S_LD anthers and its relationship with fertility alteration were also discussed.

Effects of Salinity Fluctuation and Dietary Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines on Survival,Growth and Immunity of Exopalaemon carinicauda

[Objective]The aim of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for the large-scale breeding of Exopalaemon carinicauda. [Method]Effects of salinity fluctuation （S0,S3,S6 and S9 represented salinity fluctuations of 0,3,6 and 9 respectivley） and dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines （0,1%,2% and 4% respectively） on survival,growth and immunity of E.carinicauda were studied,and its experiment lasted for 60 d. [Result]The results showed that specific growth rate,feed conversion efficiency and superoxide dismutase activity of E.carinicauda in the treatment group with 1% dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicine and S6 salinity fluctuation were higher than those in other treatments,which was significantly higher than the treatment groups with S0,S3 and S9 salinity fluctuation at the same adding level of 1% dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicine. The regression analysis indicated that at S0,S3 and S6 salinity fluctuation,the optimal adding level of dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines in feeds decreased with the increase of salinity fluctuation,accounting for 2.74%,1.77% and 0.51% respectively. At four adding levels of dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines,the optimal salinity fluctuation of E.carinicauda also decreased with the increase of dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines in feeds,accounting for 5.26,4.95,3.54 and 1.97 respectively. [Conclusion]Salinity,dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines and their interactions have a significant effect on survival,growth and immunity of E.carinicauda,which calls for attentions in the breeding.

Pharmacokinetics of radioimmunotherapeutic agent of direct labeling mAb ^(188)Re-HAb18

AIM:To labed Anti-hepatoma monoclonal antibody(mAb) fragment HAb18 F(ab')_2 was labeled with 188 Re for the pharmacokinetic model of ^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 and to evaluate its pharmacokinetic parameters in hepatoma- bearing nude mice. METHODS:HAb18 F(ab')_2 was directly labeled with ^(188)Re using 2-mercaptoethanol(2-ME)as reducing agents. Labeling efficiency and immunoreactivity of ^(188)Re-HAb18 F (ab')_2 were evaluated by Whatman 3MM paper chromatography and live cell assay,respectively. Biodistribution analysis was also conducted in nude mice bearing human hepatoma in which animals were sacrificed at different time points(1,4,18,24 and 24h)after ^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 was injected through tail-vein into hepatoma-bearing nude mice.The blood and radioactivity of organs and mass were measured.The concentrations of ^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 were evaluated with a pharrnacokinetic 3P97 software. RESULTS:The optimum labeling efficiency and immunoreactive fraction were 91.7% and 0.78%, respectively.The parameters of ^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 were: T_(1/2),2.29h;Vd,1.49×10^(-9)L·Bq^(-1);AUC,20.49×10~9Bq·h· L^(-1);CL,0.45×10^(-3)L·h^(-1).^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 could locate specially in hepatoma with high selective reactivity of HAb18 F(ab')_2.^(188)Re-HAbl8 F(ab')_2 was mainly eliminated by kidney.The maximal tumor to blood ratio was at 48h,and maximal tumor to liver ratio was at 18h. CONCLUTION:The pharmacokinetics of ^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 fit a I-compartment model.^(188)Re-HAb18 F(ab')_2 can be uptaken selectively at the hepatoma site.

Controversies in the treatment of Crohn’s disease: The case for an accelerated step-up treatment approach

The ideal treatment strategy for Crohn’s disease (CD) remains uncertain, as does the optimal endpoint of therapy. Top-down versus step-up describes two different approaches: early use of immunomodulators and biological agents in the former versus initial treatment with steroids in the latter, with escalation to immunomodulators or biological drugs in patients proven to be steroid refractory or steroid dependent. Top-down therapy has been associated with higher rates of mucosal healing. If mucosal healing proves to be associated with better long-term outcomes, such as a decreased need for hospitalization and surgery, top-down therapy may be the better approach for many patients. The main concern with the top-down approach is the toxicity of the immunomodulators and biological agents, which have been linked with infectious complications as well as an increased risk of lymphoma. It is unlikely that one strategy will be best for all patients given the underlying heterogeneity of CD presentation and severity. Ultimately, we must weigh the safety and efficacy of the therapies with the risks of the disease itself. Unfortunately our ability to risk stratify patients at diagnosis remains rudimentary. The purpose of this paper is to review the data that supports or refutes the differing treatment paradigms in CD, and to provide a rationale for an approach, termed the "accelerated step-up" approach, which attempts to balance the risks and benefits of our currently available therapies with the risk of disease related complications as we understand them in 2008.

Construction of a recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium DNA vaccine carrying Helicobacter pylorihpaA

AIM: To construct a recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium DNA vaccine carrying Helicobacter pylori hpaA gene and to detect its immunogenicity. METHODS: Genomic DNA of the standard H pylori strain 17 874 was isolated as the template, hpaA gene fragment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into pUCmT vector. DNA sequence of the amplified hpaA gene was assayed, then doned into the eukaryotic expression vector pIRES through enzyme digestion and ligation reactions. The recombinant plasmid was used to transform competent Escherichia coliDH5α, and the positive clones were screened by PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. Then, the recombinant pIRES-hpaA was used to transform LB5000 and the recombinant plasmid isolated from LB5000 was finally used to transform SL7207. After that, the recombinant strain was grown in vitro repeatedly. In order to identify the immunogenicity of the vaccine in vitro, the recombinant pIRES-hpaA was transfected to COS-7 cells using Lipofectamine^(TM)2000, the immunogenicity of expressed HpaA protein was detected with SDS-PAGE and Western blot. RESULTS: The 750-base pair hpaA gene fragment was amplified from the genomic DNA and was consistent with the sequence of H pylori hpaA by sequence analysis. It was confirmed by PCR and restriction enzyme digestion that H pylori hpaA gene was inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pIRES and a stable recombinant live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium DNA vaccine carrying H pylori hpaA gene was successfully constructed and the specific strip of HpaA expressed by pIRES-hpaA was detected through Western blot. CONCLUSION: The recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium DNA vaccine strain expressing HpaA protein with immunogenicity can be constructed and it may be helpful for further investigating the immune action of DNA vaccine in vivo.

Expression of trefoil factors 1 and 2 in precancerous condition and gastric cancer

AIM： To study the expression of trefoil factor 1 （TFF1） and TFF2 in precancerous condition and gastric cancer and to explore the relationship between TFFs and tumorigenesis, precancerous condition and gastric cancer. METHODS： The expression of TFF1 and TFF2 was immunohistochemically analyzed in paraffin-embedded samples from 140 patients including 35 cases of chronic superficial gastritis （CSG）, 35 cases of gastric ulcer （GU）, 35 cases of chronic atrophic gastritis （CAG） and 35 cases of gastric cancer （GC）. RESULTS： TFF1 and TFF2 were located in cytoplasm of gastric mucous cells. In CSG, GU, CAG and GC, the level of TFF1 expression had a decreased tendency （P〈 0.05）. The expression of TFF2 was higher in GU than in CSG, but the difference was not significant. The expression of TFF2 also had a decreased tendency in GU, CAG, and GC （P〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： The reduced expression of TFF1 and TFF2 in precancerous conditions and gastric cancer may be associated with the proliferation and malignant transformation of gastric mucosa. More investigations are needed to explore the mechanism of TFFs and the relationship between TFFs and gastric cancer.

Treating children with inflammatory bowel disease: Current and new perspectives

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gut characterised by alternating periods of remission and relapse. Whilst the mechanism underlying this disease is yet to be fully understood, old and newer generation treatments can only target selected pathways of this complex inflammatory process. This narrative review aims to provide an update on the most recent advances in treatment of paediatric IBD. A MEDLINE search was conducted using "paediatric inflammatory bowel disease", "paediatric Crohn's disease", "paediatric ulcerative colitis", "treatment", "therapy", "immunosuppressant", "biologic", "monitoring" and "biomarkers" as key words. Clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between 2014 and 2016 were selected. Studies referring to earlier periods were also considered in case the data was relevant to our scope. Major advances have been achieved in monitoring the individual metabolism, toxicity and response to relevant medications in IBD including thiopurines and biologics. New biologics acting on novel mechanisms such as selective interference with lymphocyte trafficking are emerging treatment options. Current research is investing in the development of reliable prognostic biomarkers, aiming to move towards personalised treatments targeted to individual patients.

Frequencies of the expression of main protein antigens from Helicobacter pylori isolates and production of specific serum antibodies in infected patients

AIM: To investigate the frequencies of the expression of main protein antigens of Helicobacter pylori (H py/ori) isolates, such as UreB, VacA, CagA1, HpaA, NapA, FlaA and FlaB and the production of specific antibodies in sera from H pylori-infected patients, and to understand the correlations among the different clinical types of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer and the infection and virulence of H pylori. METHODS: H pylori strains in biopsy specimens from 157 patients with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer were isolated and serum samples from the patients were also collected. The target recombinant proteins rUreB, rVacA, rCagAl, rHpaA, rNapA, rFlaA and rFlaB expressed by the prokaryotic expression systems constructed in our previous studies were collected through Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Rabbit antisera against rUreB, rVacA, rCagAl, rHpaA, rNapA, rFlaA and rFlaB were prepared by using routine subcutaneous immunization. By using ultrasonic lysates of the isolates as coated antigens, and the self-prepared rabbit antisera as the first antibodies and commercial HRP-labeling sheep anti-rabbit IgG as the second antibody, expression frequencies of the seven antigens in the isolates were detected by ELISA. Another ELISA was established to detect antibodies against the seven antigens in sera of the patients by using the corresponding recombinant proteins as coated antigens, and the sera as the first antibody and HRP-labeling sheep anti-human IgG as the second antibody respectively. Correlations among the different clinical types of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer and the infection and virulence of H pylori were statistically analysed. RESULTS: In the 125 isolates of H pylori, the positive rates of UreB, VacA, CagAl, HpaA, NapA, FlaA and FlaB were 100%, 65.6%, 92.8%, 100%, 93.6%, 100% and 99.2% respectively. In the 125 serum samples from the H pylori infected patients, the positive rates of antibodies against recombinant UreB, VacA, CagA1, HpaA, NapA, FIaA and FlaB were 100%, 42.4%, 89.6%, 81.6%, 93.6%, 98.4% and 92.8% respectively. H pylori strains were isolated from 79.6% (125/157) of the biopsy specimens, but no close correlations among the H pylori infection frequencies and different types of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer could be found (P>0.05, x2 = 0.01-0.87). The VacA positive rate (82.40%) in the strains isolated from the specimens of patients with peptic ulcer and the anti-VacA positive rate (54.3%) in the sera from the patients were significantly higher than those (51.5%, 32.3%) from the patients with chronic gastritis (P<0.01, x2= 13.19; P<0.05, x2= 6.13). When analysis was performed in the different types of chronic gastritis, the VacA in the strains isolated from the specimems of patients with active gastritis showed a higher expression frequency (90.0%) than those from superficial (47.9%) and atrophic gastritis (30.0%) (P<0.05, x2 = 5.93; P<0.01,x2 = 7.50). While analysis was carried out in the strains isolated from the specimens with superficial (93.8%) and active gastritis (100%), NapA showed a higher expression frequency compared to that from atrophic gastritis (60.0%) (P<0.01, x2 = 8.88; P<0.05, X2=5.00). CONCLUSION: The types of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer and their severity are not associated with H pylori infection frequency but closely related to the infection frequency of different virulent H pylori strains. The optimal antigens for developing vaccine and diagnostic kit are UreB, FlaA, HpaA, FlaB, NapA and CagAl, but not VacA.

Are we giving azathioprine too late? The case for early immunomodulation in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes two entities, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Both are chronic conditions with frequent complications and surgical procedures and a great impact on patient’s quality of life. The thiopurine antimetabolites azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are widely used in IBD patients. Current indications include maintenance therapy, steroid-dependant disease, fistula closure, prevention of infliximab immunogenicity and prevention of Crohn’s disease recurrence. Surprisingly, the wide use of immunosuppressants in the last decades has not decreased the need of surgery, probably because these treatments are introduced at too late stages in disease course. An earlier use of immunossupressants is now advocated by some authors. The rational includes: (1) failure to modify IBD natural history of present therapeutic approach, (2) demonstration that azathioprine can induce mucosal healing, a relevant prognostic factor for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, and (3) demonstration that early immunossupression has a very positive impact on pediatric, recently diagnosed Crohn’s disease patients. We are now awaiting the results of new studies, to clarify the contribution of azathioprine, as compared to infliximab (SONIC Study), and to demonstrate the usefulness of azathioprine in recently diagnosed adult Crohn’s disease patients (AZTEC study).

Selenium Distribution Pattern, Antineoplastic and Immunostimulatory Activities of a Novel Organoselenium Compound Eb

Aim To study the distribution pattern, antineoplastic activity and immunocompetence of a novel organoselenium compound Eb and investigate its in vivo antineoplastic potential. Methods Eb was administered to Kunming mice (dosage, 0.1 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)) intragastrically for 7 successive days. The contents of selenium in heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, stomach, brain, muscle, and bone were determined by fluorometric method on the eighth day. MTT assay was used to study tumor growth inhibition of Eb in vitro, and lymphocyte transformation, hemolysin formation and phagocytosis assay were used to study its immunocompetence. Results After 7 days′ administration of Eb, the tissue contents of sele-(nium) in liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, and bone of mice increased, especially those in liver and spleen increased significan-tly, compared with controls; but no significant changes of such contents were found in muscle, heart, brain, and stomach. Eb demonstrated inhibitory effects on human Bel-7402, BGC-823, and Calu-3 cancer cell lines in vitro. Eb also showed ability to enhance lymphocyte transformation and serum hemolysin formation in vitro and increase the phagocytosis of macrophages. Conclusion The validated antitumor and immunostimulatory activities of Eb suggest a hypothesis that Eb may behave as a biological response modifier when used as an antitumor agent. Eb is worthy of further study in developing a new antineoplastic and immunity enhancing agent in the light of its antitumor activity, immunocompetence and specific distribution in liver, lungs, kidneys, bone, and spleen.

Nature products of traditional Chinese medicine provide new ideas in γδT cells for tumor immunotherapy

Due to the unique features of innate immune cells, the role of γδT cells in tumor immunity has gradually attracted more and more attention. Previous studies have found that γδT cells play a dual role in tumor immunology: tumor-promoting and tumor-controlling.The anti-tumor therapy of γδT cells has made remarkable success in clinical application. Especially in recent years, researchers have provided some novel effective ways such as γδT cells exosomes and adoptive chimeric antigen receptor-γδT cells immunotherapy. However, some problems remain to be solved, such as low expansion rate, poor targeting, and tumor microenvironment limiting the effectiveness of γδT immunotherapy. Traditional Chinese medicine is expected to play a positive role in the body immune-enhancing function, promoting the proliferation and activation of γδT cells, and inducing the differentiation ofγδT cells. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress and urgent problems of γδT cells in anti-tumor immunotherapy. Moreover, some new strategies of γδT cells for tumor immunotherapy were proposed.

Effects of total glucosides of peony on immunological hepatic fibrosis in rats

AIM: To study the effects of total glucosides of peony (TGP) on immunological hepatic fibrosis induced by human albumin in rats.METHODS: Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into: Normal group, model group, TGP (60 and 120 mg/kg) treatment groups and colchicines (0.1 mg/kg) treatment group. On the day before the rats were killed, those in TGP or colchicine groups received TGP or colchicine as above from the first day of tail vein injection of human albumin. The rats in normal and model groups were only administered with the same volume of vehicle. At the end of the 16th wk, rats in each group were killed. Blood and tissue specimens were taken. Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), nitric oxide (NO), content of malondialdehyde (MDA), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), were measured by biochemical methods. Serum procollagen type Ⅲ (PC Ⅲ) and laminin (LN) were determined by radioimmunoassay. Liver collagen level was determined by measuring hydroxyproline content in fresh liver samples. Hepatic tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and examined under a light microscope.RESULTS: Histological results showed that TGP improved the human albumin-induced alterations in the liver structure, alleviated lobular necrosis and significantly lowered collagen content. The antifibrotic effect of TGP was also confirmed by decreased serum content of LN and PCⅢ in TGP-treated group. Moreover, the treatment with TGP effectively reduced the hydroxyproline contentin liver homogenates. However, the level of ALT and AST increased in fibrotic rat but had no significance compared with normal control, whereas the ratio of A/G decreased without significance. TGP had no effect on level of ALT, AST and the ratio of A/G. Furthermore, TGP treatment significantly blocked the increase in MDA and NO, associated with a partial elevation in liver total antioxidant capacity including SOD and GSH-px.CONCLUSION: TGP has beneficial effects on hepaticfibrosis in rats by inhibition of collagen synthesis and decreasing oxidative stress.

Side Effects during Treatment of Advanced Gastric Carcinoma by Chemotherapy Combined with CIK-cell Transfusion in Elderly People

OBJECTIVE To study the side effects and therapeutic results of autologous cytokine-induced killer （CIK） cell treatment in elderly patients with advanced gastric cancer. METHODS CIK cells were induced and cultured using biotechnics in vitro, and then the cells were infused back into the patients. Sixty elderly gastric cancer patients treated by chemotherapy （FOLFOX4 protocol） were followed-up. Among them, 29 patients were treated with CIK cells during application of chemotherapy. Short-term curative effects and adverse events from the CIK transfusion and chemotherapy were observed. RESULTS Eight cases developed partial remission （PR）, 9 cases moderate remission （MR）, 7 cases stable disease （SD） and 5 cases progressive disease （PD）. Out of a total of 29 patients who received chemotherapy combined with autologous CIK therapy, the total remission rate （PR ＋ MR） was 58.6%. The total remission rate following chemotherapy alone was 45.2%, including 5 PR cases, 9 MR cases, 7 SD cases, and 10 PD cases. There was a relatively lower rate of severe chemotherapic toxicities in the CIK-cell transfusion group. Side effects of autologous CIK transfusion included chills （13 cases）, fever （9 cases）, nausea and vomiting （1 case） and general malaise （3 cases）. Side effects were treated with conventional therapy resulting in their amelioration. No patients developed shock, blood capillary leakage syndrome, or abnormalities in routine blood, urine, liver and renal function tests.CONCLUSION Adoptive immunotherapy with autologous CIK cells may decrease the clinical signs and symptoms of elderly patients who suffer from advanced gastric cancer. Adverse reactions of patients can be alleviated by conventional therapy. Autologous CIK-cell transfusion may improve endurance to chemotherapy.

Acute exacerbation of autoimmune hepatitis induced by Twinrix

We report on a 26-year-old man who presented with severe jaundice and elevated serum liver enzyme activities after having received a dose of Twinrix? In his past medical history, jaundice or abnormal liver function tests were never recorded. Following admission, an elevated immunoglobulin G level and antinuclear antibodies at a titer of 320 with a homogenous pattern were found. Histology of a liver biopsy showed marked bridging liver fibrosis and a chronic inflammation, compatible with autoimmune hepatitis. Treatment was started with budesonide and ursodeoxycholic acid, and led to complete normalization of the pathological liver function tests. We believe that Twinrix led to an acute exacerbation of an unrecognized autoimmune hepatitis in our patient. The pathogenesis remains to be clarified. It is tempting to speculate that inactivated hepatitis A virus and/or recombinant surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus -as seen in patients with chronic hepatitis C and unrecognized autoimmune hepatitis who were treated with interferon alpha-might have been responsible for disease exacerbation.

Classical Hodgkin＇s Lymphoma Presenting as Acute Hepatic Failure One Case Report

A 20-year-old boy presenting daily febrile episodes was suspected to have developed acute hepatic failure. Serologic tests ruled out infectious and autoimmune causes apart from drug toxicity. During clinical examinations, he was found to have generalized enlarged lymph nodes that were then taken biopsy. It was diagnosed as classical Hodgkin＇s lymphoma based on histological examination of the lymph node. A bone marrow biopsy showed marrow infiltration by Hodgkin＇s lymphoma with hemophagocytosis and secondary myelofibrosis. A percutaneous liver biopsy demonstrated hepatic involvement of the same disease. After an extensive work-up, the cause of liver failure was figure out to be only attributed to the involvement of the lymphoma. Hodgkin＇s lymphoma as a cause of hepatic failure is rare and young patients diagnosed as Hodgkin＇s lymphoma causing hepatic failure has been reported very rarely so far.

Systematic Investigation of Berberine for Treating Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Network Pharmacology

Objective Liver cancer is the 4th leading cause of cancer death worldwide,and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)accounts for the largest proportion of these deaths.Berberine is a quaternary amine compound extracted from plants such as Coptidis Rhizoma(Huang Lian,黄连)and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex(Huang Bo,黄柏)and is considered as a potential candidate for treating HCC.This study used network pharmacology methods,reveal the core mechanism of action of berberine in the treatment of HCC,clarify its medicinal value,and locate the anti-tumor mechanism of berberine.Methods Structural information of Berberine(PubChem CID:2353)was obtained from the NCBI PubChem;ADME parameter were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology(TCMSP)database;Berberine prediction targets were collected from symmap,stitch and targetnet databases;HCC significant targets were retrieved from OncoDB.HCC and Liverome;A PPI network was established at STRING,Prediction target of berberine therapy for HCC are collected by gene mapping;The core target,pathway,biological process(BP),cellular component(CC),and molecular function(MF)of berberine in the treatment of HCC were predicted by topological analysis and enrichment analysis;the visualized"target pathway"network diagram of berberine in the treatment of HCC was established by the software of Cytoscape.Results Through PubChem and tcmsp databases,the good drugforming properties of berberine were identified;32 prediction targets of berberine were collected in symmap,stitch and targetnet databases;566 related targets of HCC were collected in oncodb.hcc and liverome databases;10 targets of berberine treatment for HCC were predicted by gene mapping,and a PPI with 10 nodes and 34 edges was established Through topological analysis and enrichment analysis,6 topologically important targets,6 related pathways and 16 BP,6 cc and 7 MF involved in Berberine treatment of HCC were obtained.Conclusions The anticancer effect of berberine is mainly involved in the regulation of cells of hepatoma cells through complex interactions between the TB52,MAPK1,CCND1,PTGS2,ESR1 that act on Hub nodes and their associated 6 pathways.The cycle is related to the immune inflammatory response,including biological processes such as proliferation and apoptosis of liver cancer cells.

Novel approaches towards conquering hepatitis B virus infection

Currently approved treatments for hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection include the immunomodulatory agent, IFN-α, and nucleos（t）ide analogues. Their efficacy is limited by their side effects, as well as the induction of viral mutations that render them less potent. It is thus necessary to develop drugs that target additional viral antigens. Chemicals and biomaterials by unique methods of preventing HBV replication are currently being developed, including novel nucleosides and newly synthesized compounds such as capsid assembling and mRNA transcription inhibitors. Molecular therapies that target different stages of the HBV life cycle will aid current methods to manage chronic hepatitis B （CriB） infection. The use of immunomodulators and gene therapy are also under consideration. This report summarizes the most recent treatment possibilities for CHB infection. Emerging therapies and their potential mechanisms, efficacy, and pitfalls are discussed.