Anorectal complaints are very common and are caused by a variety of mostly benign anorectal disorders.Many anorectal conditions may be successfully treated by primary care physicians in the outpatient setting,but pati...Anorectal complaints are very common and are caused by a variety of mostly benign anorectal disorders.Many anorectal conditions may be successfully treated by primary care physicians in the outpatient setting,but patients tend not to seek medical attention due to embarrassment or fear of cancer.As a result,patients frequently present with advanced disease after experiencing significant decreases in quality of life.A number of patients with anorectal complaints are referred to gastroenterologists.However,gastroenterologists' knowledge and experience in approaching these conditions may not be sufficient.This article can serve as a guide to gastroenterologists to recognize,evaluate,and manage medically or non-surgically common benign anorectal disorders,and to identify when surgical referrals are most prudent.A review of the current literature is performed to evaluate comprehensive clinical pearls and management guidelines for each topic.Topics reviewed include hemorrhoids,anal fissures,anorectal fistulas and abscesses,and pruritus ani.展开更多
This paper has focused on applying mathematical techniques to address fundamental question in therapy planning when to switch, and how to sequence therapies. We consider switching and sequencing available therapies so...This paper has focused on applying mathematical techniques to address fundamental question in therapy planning when to switch, and how to sequence therapies. We consider switching and sequencing available therapies so as to maximize a patient＇s expected total lifetime. We assume knowledge only about the lifetime distributions induced by the therapies. We discuss a specialization of this model that is tailored to a frequently reoccurring type of management problem, where our goal is to determine the best timing for testing and treatment decisions for patients with ischemic heart disease. Typically, decisions are made with an overall, goal of maximizing the patient＇s expected lifetime or quality-adjusted lifetime.展开更多
文摘Anorectal complaints are very common and are caused by a variety of mostly benign anorectal disorders.Many anorectal conditions may be successfully treated by primary care physicians in the outpatient setting,but patients tend not to seek medical attention due to embarrassment or fear of cancer.As a result,patients frequently present with advanced disease after experiencing significant decreases in quality of life.A number of patients with anorectal complaints are referred to gastroenterologists.However,gastroenterologists' knowledge and experience in approaching these conditions may not be sufficient.This article can serve as a guide to gastroenterologists to recognize,evaluate,and manage medically or non-surgically common benign anorectal disorders,and to identify when surgical referrals are most prudent.A review of the current literature is performed to evaluate comprehensive clinical pearls and management guidelines for each topic.Topics reviewed include hemorrhoids,anal fissures,anorectal fistulas and abscesses,and pruritus ani.
文摘This paper has focused on applying mathematical techniques to address fundamental question in therapy planning when to switch, and how to sequence therapies. We consider switching and sequencing available therapies so as to maximize a patient＇s expected total lifetime. We assume knowledge only about the lifetime distributions induced by the therapies. We discuss a specialization of this model that is tailored to a frequently reoccurring type of management problem, where our goal is to determine the best timing for testing and treatment decisions for patients with ischemic heart disease. Typically, decisions are made with an overall, goal of maximizing the patient＇s expected lifetime or quality-adjusted lifetime.
