Powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici） is one of the most important leaf diseases of wheat on the worldwide. Evolutionary potential of a pathogen population is reflected in its population genetic structure...Powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici） is one of the most important leaf diseases of wheat on the worldwide. Evolutionary potential of a pathogen population is reflected in its population genetic structure. Severity of powdery mildew in twelve years of small-plot experiments was in individual years different. Incidence of powdery mildew was followed in 1999-2010 and powdery mildew development was studied in 2003 and 2004 in the Crop Research Institute （CRI）. These experiments were made on the cultivar Kanzler, susceptible cultivar to powdery mildew. Disease severity was made as a percentage of typical symptoms of the disease. Structure of powdery mildew population was probed in 2009 and 2010 in CRI and in the locality Humpolec. The highest was in 2004 and the lowest in 2003. Development of the disease in two extreme years depended on progress of weather factors mainly to average daily temperature and photosynthetic active radiation. In the year 2009 was higher disease severity in CRI than in the CRI station in Humpolec but in 2010 vice versa higher disease severity was in Humpolec. Observation showed that in small distances of two localities can be differences in composition of powdery mildew population. Higher virulence in CRI was to the gene of specific resistance Pml whereas in Humpolec to the gene Pm 17. In the year 2010 in CRI was the highest virulence to the gene Pm 1 whereas in Humpolec the highest virulence was to the genes Pm3fand Pm4a. Differences of powdery mildew were in 12 years of observation were very distinct and showed difference in structure of powdery mildew population in near localities.展开更多
Background:The Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Patella(VISA-P) scale is the most condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure used to assess symptom severity in athletes with patellar tendinopathy.Prev...Background:The Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Patella(VISA-P) scale is the most condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure used to assess symptom severity in athletes with patellar tendinopathy.Previous exploratory factor analyses have been conducted to evaluate the scale's dimensionality,with inconsistent results,and the factor structure of the scale remains unclear.The aims of the present study were to determine the factorial structure of the VISA-P scale using confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) and test measurement invariance across sexes.Methods:The study included a convenience sample of 249 Spanish athletes with patellar tendinopathy.CFA was performed to assess factorial validity.Hypothesized 1-and 2-factor models were tested.Measurement invariance across sexes was evaluated via multi-group CFA with several fit indices using EQS 6.1 software.Results:The internal consistency coefficient was 0.74.Several CFA models were examined and the 1-factor model in which errors for Items 7 and8 were correlated showed acceptable fit in terms of comparative fit index(CFI) and goodness-of-fit index(GFI) statistics(CFI = 0.93;GFI = 0.94;standardized root mean square residual = 0.06;root mean square error of approximation = 0.10;90% confidence interval:0.08–0.13).This model was invariant across sexes.Conclusion:The 1-factor model of the Spanish version of the VISA-P scale(VISA-P-Sp) in which errors for Items 7 and 8 were correlated demonstrated relative fit in CFA.Scores obtained via VISA-P-Sp can be compared between men and women without sexes bias.Further studies should examine the VISA-P scale and other single-score patient-reported outcome measures concurrently.展开更多
A large human naive single chain antibody (scFv) library is constructed from 60 healthy donors via phage display technique. During the period, some methods are employed to optimize the diversity, such as multi donors,...A large human naive single chain antibody (scFv) library is constructed from 60 healthy donors via phage display technique. During the period, some methods are employed to optimize the diversity, such as multi donors, different annealing temperature, half nest PCR, and assembly by two way fusion PCR. In this study, 78 electroporations resulted in 1010 library, diversity of which is assayed by enzyme fingerprint. The efficiency and diversity are all better than other researches.展开更多
Zika virus （ZIKV） is a previously-neglected, but newly-emerging zoonotic pathogen that has swept most of the western hemisphere. The unexpected attention aroused worldwide lies in the explosive spread of ZIKV to Bra...Zika virus （ZIKV） is a previously-neglected, but newly-emerging zoonotic pathogen that has swept most of the western hemisphere. The unexpected attention aroused worldwide lies in the explosive spread of ZIKV to Brazil and USA in 2015 and its rare correlation to micro- cephaly in newborns, raising a serious challenge to public health. We show the origin and fast dissemination of these epidemic ZIKA isolates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all the newly-emerging ZIKV isolates belong to the Asian-American Lineage. Structural analyses of the ZIKV E surface protein suggested that it might adopt a similar entry mechanism to that of other Flavi-viruses like Dengue Virus and West Nile Virus.展开更多
Spectrin is a large,cytoskeletal,and heterodimeric protein composed of modular structure of and subunits,it typically contains 106 contiguous amino acid sequence motifs called"spectrin repeats".Spectrin is c...Spectrin is a large,cytoskeletal,and heterodimeric protein composed of modular structure of and subunits,it typically contains 106 contiguous amino acid sequence motifs called"spectrin repeats".Spectrin is crucial for maintaining the stability and structure of the cell membrane and the shape of a cell.Moreover,it contributes to diverse cell functions such as cell adhesion,cell spreading,and the cell cycle.Mutations of spectrin lead to various human diseases such as hereditary hemolytic anemia,type 5 spinocerebellar ataxia,cancer,as well as others.This review focuses on recent advances in determining the structure and function of spectrin as well as its role in disease.展开更多
The development of cancer is a pathological process involving multiple environmental carcinogenic factors and genetic alterations.For decades,cancer researchers have focused on genomic and transcriptomic analyses.The ...The development of cancer is a pathological process involving multiple environmental carcinogenic factors and genetic alterations.For decades,cancer researchers have focused on genomic and transcriptomic analyses.The completion of the Human Genome Project has opened the door to the post-genome era and oncoproteomics.Proteins play a critical role in tumorigenesis and influence the differences between normal cells and malignant cells.This report proposes the concept that cancer is a proteomic disease.This concept is based on examining protein expression profiles,post-translational modifications,and protein-protein interactions in carcinogenesis using recent advances in comparative,functional and structural proteomics.This approach provides a new way of viewing carcinogenesis,presents new clues in biomarker discovery for cancer diagnosis and therapy,and reveals important scientific findings and their significance to clinical applications.展开更多
Histones are the main protein components of eukaryotic chromatin. Histone variants and histone modifications modulate chromatin structure, ensuring the precise operation of cellular processes associated with genomic D...Histones are the main protein components of eukaryotic chromatin. Histone variants and histone modifications modulate chromatin structure, ensuring the precise operation of cellular processes associated with genomic DNA. H3.3, an ancient and conserved H3 variant, differs from its canonical H3 counterpart by only five amino acids, yet it plays essential and specific roles in gene transcription, DNA repair and in maintaining genome integrity. Here, we review the most recent insights into the functions of histone H3.3, and the involvement of its mutant forms in human diseases.展开更多
Human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） is a lenti-virus （a member of the retrovirus family） that causes acquired immunodeficieney syndrome （AIDS）, a critical condition in humans in which progressive failure of the i...Human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） is a lenti-virus （a member of the retrovirus family） that causes acquired immunodeficieney syndrome （AIDS）, a critical condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunis- tic infections. Over the past few years HIV has been spreading rapidly in the popula- tion. Almost, everyday there are thousands of new human cases of HIV infection being recorded in the world and these occur in almost every country of the world. However, the spread of HIV is relatively faster in the developing countries as compared to developed countries because developing countries have limited resources. Worldwide, 70% of HIV infections in the adults have been transmitted through heterosexual contact and vertical transmission accounts for more than 90~ of global infection in infants and children. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear mathematical model to study the spread of HIV by considering transmission of disease by heterosexual contact and vertical transmission. A stage structured model is proposed and analyzed by considering the total population variable and dividing the whole population under consideration into three stages： chil- dren, adults and old. Also, in this paper it is assumed that the rates of recruitment are different in different groups of population. Equilibria of the model and their stability are also discussed. Using the stability theory of differential equations and computer simu- lation, it is shown that due to the increase in the awareness of the disease in the adult class the total infective population decreases in the region under consideration.展开更多
We formulate an age-structured model based on a system of nonlinear partial differen- tial equations to assist the early and catch up female vaccination programs for human papillomavirus （HPV） types 6 and 11. Since ...We formulate an age-structured model based on a system of nonlinear partial differen- tial equations to assist the early and catch up female vaccination programs for human papillomavirus （HPV） types 6 and 11. Since these HPV types do not induce permanent immunity, the model, which stratifies the population based on age and gender, has a susceptible-infectious-susceptible （SIS） structure. We calculate the effective reproduction number Rv for the model and describe the local-asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium using Rv. We prove the existence of an endemic equilibrium for Rv 〉 1 for the no vaccine case. However, analysis of the model for the vaccine case reveals that it undergoes the phenomenon of backward bifurcation. To support our theoretical results, we estimate the age and time solution with the given data for Toronto population, when an early and catch up female vaccine program is adopted, and when there is no vaccine. We show that early and catch up female vaccine program eliminates the infection in both male and female populations over a period of 30 years. Finally, we introduce the optimal control to an age-dependent model based on ordinary differential equations and solve it numerically to obtain the most cost-effective method for introducing the catch up vaccine into the population.展开更多
文摘Powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici） is one of the most important leaf diseases of wheat on the worldwide. Evolutionary potential of a pathogen population is reflected in its population genetic structure. Severity of powdery mildew in twelve years of small-plot experiments was in individual years different. Incidence of powdery mildew was followed in 1999-2010 and powdery mildew development was studied in 2003 and 2004 in the Crop Research Institute （CRI）. These experiments were made on the cultivar Kanzler, susceptible cultivar to powdery mildew. Disease severity was made as a percentage of typical symptoms of the disease. Structure of powdery mildew population was probed in 2009 and 2010 in CRI and in the locality Humpolec. The highest was in 2004 and the lowest in 2003. Development of the disease in two extreme years depended on progress of weather factors mainly to average daily temperature and photosynthetic active radiation. In the year 2009 was higher disease severity in CRI than in the CRI station in Humpolec but in 2010 vice versa higher disease severity was in Humpolec. Observation showed that in small distances of two localities can be differences in composition of powdery mildew population. Higher virulence in CRI was to the gene of specific resistance Pml whereas in Humpolec to the gene Pm 17. In the year 2010 in CRI was the highest virulence to the gene Pm 1 whereas in Humpolec the highest virulence was to the genes Pm3fand Pm4a. Differences of powdery mildew were in 12 years of observation were very distinct and showed difference in structure of powdery mildew population in near localities.
文摘Background:The Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Patella(VISA-P) scale is the most condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure used to assess symptom severity in athletes with patellar tendinopathy.Previous exploratory factor analyses have been conducted to evaluate the scale's dimensionality,with inconsistent results,and the factor structure of the scale remains unclear.The aims of the present study were to determine the factorial structure of the VISA-P scale using confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) and test measurement invariance across sexes.Methods:The study included a convenience sample of 249 Spanish athletes with patellar tendinopathy.CFA was performed to assess factorial validity.Hypothesized 1-and 2-factor models were tested.Measurement invariance across sexes was evaluated via multi-group CFA with several fit indices using EQS 6.1 software.Results:The internal consistency coefficient was 0.74.Several CFA models were examined and the 1-factor model in which errors for Items 7 and8 were correlated showed acceptable fit in terms of comparative fit index(CFI) and goodness-of-fit index(GFI) statistics(CFI = 0.93;GFI = 0.94;standardized root mean square residual = 0.06;root mean square error of approximation = 0.10;90% confidence interval:0.08–0.13).This model was invariant across sexes.Conclusion:The 1-factor model of the Spanish version of the VISA-P scale(VISA-P-Sp) in which errors for Items 7 and 8 were correlated demonstrated relative fit in CFA.Scores obtained via VISA-P-Sp can be compared between men and women without sexes bias.Further studies should examine the VISA-P scale and other single-score patient-reported outcome measures concurrently.
文摘A large human naive single chain antibody (scFv) library is constructed from 60 healthy donors via phage display technique. During the period, some methods are employed to optimize the diversity, such as multi donors, different annealing temperature, half nest PCR, and assembly by two way fusion PCR. In this study, 78 electroporations resulted in 1010 library, diversity of which is assayed by enzyme fingerprint. The efficiency and diversity are all better than other researches.
文摘Zika virus （ZIKV） is a previously-neglected, but newly-emerging zoonotic pathogen that has swept most of the western hemisphere. The unexpected attention aroused worldwide lies in the explosive spread of ZIKV to Brazil and USA in 2015 and its rare correlation to micro- cephaly in newborns, raising a serious challenge to public health. We show the origin and fast dissemination of these epidemic ZIKA isolates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all the newly-emerging ZIKV isolates belong to the Asian-American Lineage. Structural analyses of the ZIKV E surface protein suggested that it might adopt a similar entry mechanism to that of other Flavi-viruses like Dengue Virus and West Nile Virus.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31000323,31070672,81250044)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20131272)+1 种基金the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20100091120023)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(1095020823)
文摘Spectrin is a large,cytoskeletal,and heterodimeric protein composed of modular structure of and subunits,it typically contains 106 contiguous amino acid sequence motifs called"spectrin repeats".Spectrin is crucial for maintaining the stability and structure of the cell membrane and the shape of a cell.Moreover,it contributes to diverse cell functions such as cell adhesion,cell spreading,and the cell cycle.Mutations of spectrin lead to various human diseases such as hereditary hemolytic anemia,type 5 spinocerebellar ataxia,cancer,as well as others.This review focuses on recent advances in determining the structure and function of spectrin as well as its role in disease.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos.2001CB510207 and 2011CB910704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.30800419,30973289 and 30972970)+1 种基金Science and Technology Foundation of Hengyang (Grant No.2010kj10)grants for Outstanding Scholars of New Era from Ministry of Education of China (Grant No.NCET-07-0861)
文摘The development of cancer is a pathological process involving multiple environmental carcinogenic factors and genetic alterations.For decades,cancer researchers have focused on genomic and transcriptomic analyses.The completion of the Human Genome Project has opened the door to the post-genome era and oncoproteomics.Proteins play a critical role in tumorigenesis and influence the differences between normal cells and malignant cells.This report proposes the concept that cancer is a proteomic disease.This concept is based on examining protein expression profiles,post-translational modifications,and protein-protein interactions in carcinogenesis using recent advances in comparative,functional and structural proteomics.This approach provides a new way of viewing carcinogenesis,presents new clues in biomarker discovery for cancer diagnosis and therapy,and reveals important scientific findings and their significance to clinical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91219202)to Guohong Li.the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2015CB856200+2 种基金2011CB966300)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Strategic Priority Research Program(XDA01010304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301047)to Chaoyang Xiong
文摘Histones are the main protein components of eukaryotic chromatin. Histone variants and histone modifications modulate chromatin structure, ensuring the precise operation of cellular processes associated with genomic DNA. H3.3, an ancient and conserved H3 variant, differs from its canonical H3 counterpart by only five amino acids, yet it plays essential and specific roles in gene transcription, DNA repair and in maintaining genome integrity. Here, we review the most recent insights into the functions of histone H3.3, and the involvement of its mutant forms in human diseases.
文摘Human immunodeficiency virus （HIV） is a lenti-virus （a member of the retrovirus family） that causes acquired immunodeficieney syndrome （AIDS）, a critical condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunis- tic infections. Over the past few years HIV has been spreading rapidly in the popula- tion. Almost, everyday there are thousands of new human cases of HIV infection being recorded in the world and these occur in almost every country of the world. However, the spread of HIV is relatively faster in the developing countries as compared to developed countries because developing countries have limited resources. Worldwide, 70% of HIV infections in the adults have been transmitted through heterosexual contact and vertical transmission accounts for more than 90~ of global infection in infants and children. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear mathematical model to study the spread of HIV by considering transmission of disease by heterosexual contact and vertical transmission. A stage structured model is proposed and analyzed by considering the total population variable and dividing the whole population under consideration into three stages： chil- dren, adults and old. Also, in this paper it is assumed that the rates of recruitment are different in different groups of population. Equilibria of the model and their stability are also discussed. Using the stability theory of differential equations and computer simu- lation, it is shown that due to the increase in the awareness of the disease in the adult class the total infective population decreases in the region under consideration.
文摘We formulate an age-structured model based on a system of nonlinear partial differen- tial equations to assist the early and catch up female vaccination programs for human papillomavirus （HPV） types 6 and 11. Since these HPV types do not induce permanent immunity, the model, which stratifies the population based on age and gender, has a susceptible-infectious-susceptible （SIS） structure. We calculate the effective reproduction number Rv for the model and describe the local-asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium using Rv. We prove the existence of an endemic equilibrium for Rv 〉 1 for the no vaccine case. However, analysis of the model for the vaccine case reveals that it undergoes the phenomenon of backward bifurcation. To support our theoretical results, we estimate the age and time solution with the given data for Toronto population, when an early and catch up female vaccine program is adopted, and when there is no vaccine. We show that early and catch up female vaccine program eliminates the infection in both male and female populations over a period of 30 years. Finally, we introduce the optimal control to an age-dependent model based on ordinary differential equations and solve it numerically to obtain the most cost-effective method for introducing the catch up vaccine into the population.
