烟台市公共场所人工水环境中军团菌污染情况调查及其病原型别鉴定

目的分析山东省烟台市公共场所人工水环境中军团菌污染情况及鉴别其病原型别。方法选取2019年1月至12月山东省烟台市的150份公共场所人工水环境标本为研究对象,对其军团菌检出率进行统计,对检出军团菌型别构成进行统计及比较,同时分析及比较不同水样、场所、菌落总数、季节及地点的军团菌检出情况。结果150份公共场所人工水环境标本中共有43份检出军团菌,检出率为28.67%。40份检出单一型别,3份检出混合型别,其中嗜血军团菌的检出率高于非嗜血军团菌,且以Lp1型占比高于其他型别,单一型别占比高于混合情况,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同菌落总数样本的军团菌检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而空调冷却水、医疗单位、夏季及郊区水样本的军团菌检出率高于其他水样、场所及季节的检出率,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论山东省烟台市公共场所人工水环境中军团菌污染情况较为突出,单一型别占比较高,且空调冷却水、医疗单位、夏季及郊区水样本的军团菌检出率相对更高,且不同水样、场所数及季节的检出情况存在较大差异,可作为干预与防控措施制订的参考依据。

22例登革热病原型别及临床特征分析

目的:通过对22例登革热病原型别及临床表现的研究,探索其临床特征。方法:分子生物学、病毒分离明确病原诊断;动态观察脏器功能、炎症指标。结果:22例登革病毒Ig M阳性,DENV-1缅甸3例、泰国2例,DENV-3泰国1例、老挝及西双版纳各2例,DENV-4缅甸2例。临床表现典型,50%以上WBC、L、PLT减少;肝损伤AST升高为主(90.91%);CK(63.64%)、LDH(86.36%)、CRP(77.27%)、PCT(27.27%)、ESR(45.46%)升高。治疗1周L、PLT、AST好转(P<0.05),治疗2周各项指标恢复正常。疗程(13±4.12)d。结论:本组中缅甸为DENV-1、4,泰国为DENV-1、3,西双版纳与老挝为DENV-3。为典型登革热临床表现,CRP、PCT、ESR升高及肝脏为主的多脏器受损与免疫损伤相关。

我国长江以南地区水稻白叶枯病原菌遗传多样性分析

用 IS- PCR和 rep- PCR法结合传统病理学分析了 12 8个主要采自我国华中、华南和西南地区的水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzaepv. oryzae)的群体遗传多样性。用 4个专化引物 J3、ERIC、REP和 BOX对 114个菌系基因组 DNA进行 PCR扩增反应 ,4个引物分别呈现 2 0、12、6和 5种谱型 ,遗传多样性值分别为 0 .82、0 .49、0 .35和 0 .30。以彼此间带位相似率达 70 %为界 ,用 UPGMA聚类分析法 ,可将 114个病原菌分为 6簇 (J3)和 5簇 (ERIC)。引物 J3的簇 1中包括 0～ 、 7个病原型 ,ERIC引物的簇 1中包括 0～ 和新型 9个病原型。将 12 8个病原菌在我国 5个鉴别品种上测定以进行病原型分群 ,参试菌系多数属于 型、 型和 0型 。

两种药物对高原型牦牛多头蚴病的治疗效果分析

目的:对吡喹酮片剂和阿苯达唑干混悬剂这两种药物治疗高原型牦牛多头蚴病的效果进行分析探讨。方法:选取2012年—2014年感染了高原型牦牛多头蚴病的牦牛50例作为研究对象,随机分为两组,A组和B组,每组25例。A组牦牛给予吡喹酮片剂进行治疗,B组牦牛给予阿苯达唑干混悬剂进行治疗,比较两组牦牛治疗效果。结果:A组牦牛治愈的有23头,治愈率为92.0%,B组牦牛治愈的有20头,治愈率为80.0%,A组的治愈率明显高于B组的治愈率,组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:吡喹酮片剂治疗高原型牦牛多头蚴病具有更好的效果,治愈率高,并且不会造成牦牛的死亡。

输入性登革热不同型别与T淋巴细胞亚群的相关性

目的通过观察输入性登革热患者T淋巴细胞亚群的变化,探讨与登革病毒型别的相关性。方法将64例登革病毒核酸检测阳性者进行病原分型,采用流式细胞术分别检测发病早期及恢复期外周血中CD3+、CD4+、CD8+绝对值,并对同型别病例早期与恢复期进行比较,不同型别病例进行两两比较。同时比较临床表现、炎症指标、重要脏器功能。结果 64例均来自南亚、东南亚(占78.13%);其中登革病毒Ι型37例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型9例,Ⅳ型13例;4型登革热的临床表现、WBC、PLT、Hs CRP、PCT、肝功、心肌酶多无明显差异(P>0.05); 4型CD3+,CD4+,CD8+绝对数早期与恢复期相比差异均存在统计学差异(P<0.05),4型CD4+、CD8+绝对数早期分别相比均无统计学差异(P>0.05);CD3+与CD4+、CD8+的变化呈正相关(r=0.945,r=0.913,均P <0.001);CD4+在Ι、Ⅱ、Ⅳ型组约60%以上的病例降低;CD8+在Ι、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型组月40%以下的病例升高;CD4+与CD8+同时降低见于Ι、Ⅱ、Ⅳ型组;CD8+同时升高及降低见于Ι、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型组。结论本组登革热均为南亚、东南亚输入病例,以Ι型多见,其余3个型别也存在。四型病例在临床表现,Hs CRP、PCT、肝功及心肌酶,以及CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T淋巴绝对值等均无明显差异。早期多出现CD4+、CD8+异常下降或/和升高,均存在细胞免疫功能紊乱,恢复期基本恢复正常,说明机体细胞免疫功能的可调节性以及干预治疗的有效性。监测T淋巴细胞亚群可以评估登革热治疗效果以及预后。

Cavitary Pulmonary Metastases: CT Features and Their Correlation with the Pathology of the Primary Malignancy

Objective: To study CT features of cavitary pulmonary metastases and to investigate the pos- sible relationship between CT features and the pathology of the primary lesions. Methods: CT ?ndings of 131 cavitary metastatic nodules in 40 patients with pathologically-proved pulmonary metastases were retrospectively analyzed. A comparison between CT signs and the pathologic types of the primary tumors was made. Results: Cavitary metastases and multiple solid nodules coexisted in all patients. Cavitary metastases presented as bubble (n=41), irregular (n=33), cystic (n=26) or small circular (n=31) cavities, with even (n=61) or uneven (n=70) thickness of the cavity wall. Of 131 cavitary nodules, diameter less than 15 mm was seen in 44, between 15–25 mm in 66, 25–40 mm in 17 and larger than 40 mm in 4 respectively. And the wall thickness of the cavity below 4 mm, between 4–15 mm and over 15 mm was respectively seen in 69, 44 and 18 metastatic nodules. Cavitary pulmonary metastases mainly occurred in patients whose primary malignancy was squamous cell carcinoma (n=13) or adenocarcinoma (n=22). Both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma had its own CT characteristics. The occurrence of cavity bore no relationship to its site in the lung. Conclusion: Cavitary pulmonary metastases carries certain CT features and its occurrence is related to the pathologic type of the primary malignancy.

Preparation and Identification of Specific Monoclonal Antibody against Porcine Circovirus Type 2

BALB/c mice were immunized using synthetic tandem polypeptide of Cap protein epitope of porcine circovirus type 2 （PCV2） as the antigen. By using lym-phocyte hybridoma technique, a hybridoma cellline stably secreting monoclonal an-tibody against PCV2-rCap protein was successful y obtained and named as 670#. The ascites titer of the obtained monoclonal antibody was 1∶100 000. Western blot results showed that the monoclonal antibody could react with prokaryotical y ex-pressed PET32a-ORF2 recombinant protein, eukaryotical y expressed ORF1-ORF2 tandem protein and PCV2 whole virus celllysate. Indirect EILSA demonstrated that the monoclonal antibody could bind with ORF1-ORF2 tandem protein. Indirect im-munofluorescence assay （IFA） indicated that the monoclonal antibody could identify native PCV2 virus. The preparation of this monoclonal antibody provided technical tools for epitope analysis and molecular diagnosis of PCV2 virus.

Significance of hepatitis B virus surface antigen, hepatitis C virus expression in hepatocellular carcinoma and pericarcinomatous tissues

AIM： To investigate the correlation between hepatitis B virus surface antigen （HBsAg）, hepatitis C virus （HCV） expression in hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）, the HAI score of the noncancerous region of the liver and the serum Alpha fetoprotein （AFP） level. METHODS： The patterns of HBsAg and HCV in 100 cases of HCC and their surrounding liver tissues were studied on paraffin-embedded sections with immunohistochemistry, the histological status was determined by one pathologist and one surgeon simultaneously using the hepatitis activity index （HAIl score, and AFP was detected by radioimmunity. The study included 100 consecutive patients who underwent curative resection for HCC. Based on HBsAg and HCV expression, the patients were classified into 4 groups： patients positive for HBsAg （HBsAg group）, patients positive for HCV （HCV group）, patients negative for both HCV and HBsAg （NBNC group） and patients positive for both HBsAg and HCV （BC group）. RESULTS： The BC group had significantly higher HAI scores than the other three groups. （BC 〉 HCV 〉 HBsAg 〉 NBNC）. HBV and HCV virus infection was positively correlated with HAI （rs = 0.39, P = 0.00011. The positive rate of AFP （85.7%） and the value of AFP （541.2 ng/mL） in the group with HBV and HCV co-infection were the highest among the four groups. The positive rate （53.3%） of AFP and the value of AFP （ 53.3 ng/mL） in the group with none-infection of HBV and HCV were the lowest. HBV and HCV virus infection was positively correlated with AFP（rs = 0.38, P = 0.0001）. CONCLUSION： The AFP increase in patients with liver cancer was positively correlated with the infection of HBV and HCV. The-serum AFP elevation by the infection of HBV and HCV is one of mechanisms which lead to hepatocarcinogenesis, and the antivirus intervening treatment of hepatitis is significant for the prognosis of liver cancer. From our Spearman＇s rank correlation analysis, we can conclude that the severity of virally induced inflammation is correlated with HBsAg and HCV expression in HCC tissues and noncancerous tissues. Prior co-infection of HBV in HCV patients may be an adverse risk factor for intrahepatic inflammation.

Synergistic effect of a novel oxymatrine-baicalin combination against hepatitis B virus replication, a smooth muscle actin expression and typeⅠcollagen synthesis in vitro

AIM： To study the effect of oxymatrine-baicalin combination （OB） against HBV replication in 2.2.15 cells and α smooth muscle actin （ α SMA） expression, type I, collagen synthesis in HSC-T6 cells. METHODS： The 2.2.15 cells and HSC-T6 cells were cultured and treated respectively. HBsAg and HBeAg in the culture supernatants were detected by ELISA and HBV DNA levels were determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR. Total RNA was extracted from HSC-T6 cells and reverse transcribed into cDNA. The cDNAs were amplified by PCR and the quantities were expressed in proportion to β actin. The total cellular proteins extracted from HSC-T6 cells were separated by electrophoresis. Resolved proteins were electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. Protein bands were revealed and the quantities were corrected by β actin. RESULTS： In the 2.2.15 cell culture system, the inhibitory rate against secretion of HBsAg and HBeAg in the OB group was significantly stronger than that in the oxymatrine group （HBsAg, P = 0.043; HBeAg, P = 0.026; respectively）; HBV DNA level in the OB group was significantly lower than that in the oxymatrine group （P = 0.041）. In HSC-T6 cells the mRNA and protein expression levels of α SMA in the OB group were significantly lower as compared with those in the oxymatrine group （mRNA, P = 0.013; protein, P = 0.042; respectively）; The mRNA and protein expression levels of type I collagen in the OB group were significantly lower as compared with those in the oxymatrine group （mRNA, P 〈 0.01; protein, P 〈 0.01; respectively）.CONCLUSION： OB combination has a better effect against HBV replication in 2.2.15 cells and is more effective against α SMA expression and type I collagen synthesis in HSC-T6 cells than oxymatrine in vitro.

Antiviral efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B sequentially treated with lamivudine and adefovir due to lamivudine resistance

AIM： To compare the antiviral efficacy of adefovir （ADV） in lamivudine （LMV）-resistant patients with LMV treatment in nucleoside-naive patients, using serum samples collected sequentially during the course of treatment progressing from LMV to ADV.METHODS： Forty-four patients with chronic hepatitis B （CHB） were included. The patients were initially treated with LMV and then switched to ADV when LMV resistance developed. Antiviral efficacy was assessed by measuring the following： reduction in serum HBV DNA from baseline, HBV DNA negative conversion （defined as HBV DNA being undectable by the hybridization assay）, and HBV DNA response （either HBV DNA level ≤ 10^s copies/mL or a ≥ 2 log10 reduction from baseline HBV DNA level）.RESULTS： After two and six months of treatment, HBV DNA reduction was greater with LMV compared to ADV treatment （P = 0.021）. HBV DNA negative conversion rates were 64% and 27% after one month of LMV and ADV treatment respectively （P = 0.001）. Similarly, HBV DNA response rates were 74% and 51% after two months of LMV and ADV treatment respectively （P = 0.026）. The time taken to HBV DNA negative conversion and to HBV DNA response were both delayed in ADV treatment compared with LMV.CONCLUSION： The antiviral efficacy of ADV in LMV-resistant patients is slower and less potent than that with LMV in nucleoside-naive patients during the early course of treatment.

Primary Lymphoma of Respiratory System (A Report of 11 Cases)

Objective: To analyze the clinical and pathologic features and the treatmentoutcomes of primary lymphoma of respiratory system (PLRS). Methods: The clinical manifestation,imaging changes, pathologic subtypes, treatment and overall survival of 11 patients with PLRS wereanalyzed retrospectively. Results: Of the 11 patients diagnosed with PLRS by histopathology, thetumor of 2 patients occurred in trachea and the other 9 in lung. Cough, dyspnea and fever were themost frequent symptoms. Mass or infiltrative changes could be found on the chest X-ray and/or CTscan. Two patients were diagnosed as having Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) and 9 having non-Hodgkin'sLymphoma (NHL), including 7 patients with low degree NHL [5 of them (55.6%) were mucosa-associatedlymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma] and 2 with intermediate degree NHL. Of 10 patients undergoingexploratory thoracotomy and surgical treatment, 8 received adjuvant chemotherapy and 2 adjuvant ofradiotherapy. The remaining patient was subjected to combined chemotherapy. Both of HL patientssurvived more than 5 years without clinical disease. The median survival of MALT lymphoma and othertype of NHL was 39 months and 34 months respectively. Conclusion: Both the clinical manifestationand imaging changes are non-specific. The diagnosis was made through exploratory thoracotomy (10cases) and fiber-optical bronchoscopy (1 case). MALT lymphoma is the most frequent pathologicsubtype. Majority of patients are diagnosed and treated by surgical resection. The prognosis isacceptable.

Quantification of HBsAg:Basic virology for clinical practice

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is produced and secreted through a complex mechanism that is still not fully understood. In clinical fields, HBsAg has long served as a qualitative diagnostic marker for hepatitis B virus infection. Notably, advances have been made in the development of quantitative HBsAg assays, which have allowed viral replication monitoring, and there is an opportunity to make maximal use of quantitative HBsAg to elucidate its role in clinical fields. Yet, it needs to be underscored that a further understanding of HBsAg, not only from clinical point of view but also from a virologic point of view, would enable us to deepen our insights, so that we could more widely expand and apply its utility. It is also important to be familiar with HBsAg variants and their clinical consequences in terms of immune escape mutants, issues resulting from overlap with corresponding mutation in the P gene, and detection problems for the HBsAg variants. In this article, we review current concepts and issues on the quantification of HBsAg titers with respect to their biologic nature, method principles, and clinically relevant topics.

Association of C(-106)T Polymorphism in Aldose Reductase Gene with Diabetic Retinopathy in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective To identify the possible association between C（-106）T polymorphism of the aldose reductase （ALR） gene and diabetic retinopathy （DR） in a cohort of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）. Methods From November 2009 to September 2010, patients with T2DM were recruited and assigned to DR group or diabetic without retinopathy （DWR） group according to the duration of diabetes and the grading of 7-field fundus color photographs of both eyes. Genotypes of the C（-106）T polymorphism （rs759853） in ALR gene were analyzed using the MassARRAY genotyping system and an association study was performed. Results A total of 268 T2DM patients （129 in the DR group and 139 in the DWR group） were included in this study. No statistically significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in the age of diabetes onset （P=0.10） and gender （P=0.78）. The success rate of genotyping for the study subjects was 99.6% （267/268）, with one case of failure in the DR group. The frequencies of the T allele in the C（-106）T polymorphism were 16.0% （41/256） in the DR group and 19.4% （54/278） in the DWR group （P=0.36）. There was no signit^cant difference in the C（-106）T genotypes between the 2 groups （P=0.40）. Compared with the wild-type genotype, odds ratio （OR） for the risk of DR was 0.7 （95% CI, 0.38-1.3） for the heterozygous CT genotype and 0.76 （95% CI, 0.18-3.25） for the homozygous TT genotype. The risk of DR was positively associated with microalbuminuria （OR=4.61; 95% CI, 2.34-9.05） and insulin therapy （OR=3.43; 95% CI, 1.94-6.09）. Conclusions Microalbuminuria and insulin therapy are associated with the risk of DR in Chinese patients with T2DM. C（-106）T polymorphism of the ALR gene may not be significantly associated with DR in Chinese patients with T2DM.

Glycogen storage diseases: New perspectives

Glycogen storage diseases （GSD） are inherited metabolic disorders of glycogen metabolism. Different hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and cortisol regulate the relationship of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis. The overall GSD incidence is estimated 1 case per 20000-43000 live births. There are over 12 types and they are classified based on the enzyme deficiency and the affected tissue. Disorders of glycogen degradation may affect primarily the liver, the muscle, or both. Type I a involves the liver, kidney and intestine （and I b also leukocytes）, and the clinical manifestations are hepatomegaly, failure to thrive, hypoglycemia, hyperlactatemia, hyperuricemia and hyperlipidemia. Type Ilia involves both the liver and muscle, and lib solely the liver. The liver symptoms generally improve with age. Type IV usually presents in the first year of life, with hepatomegaly and growth retardation. The disease in general is progressive to cirrhosis. Type Ⅵ and Ⅳ are a heterogeneous group of diseases caused by a deficiency of the liver phosphorylase and phosphorylase kinase system. There is no hyperuricemia or hyperlactatemia. Type Ⅺ is characterized by hepatic glycogenosis and renal Fanconi syndrome. Type Ⅱ is a prototype of inborn lysosomal storage diseases and involves many organs but primarily the muscle. Types V and Ⅶ involve only the muscle.

Immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccine in patients with and without chronic hepatitis C virus infection:A case-control study

AIM： To compare the response of standard hepatitis B virus （HBV） vaccination between patients with chronic hepatitis C virus （HCV） infection and healthy individuals. METHODS： This is a prospective case-control study. A total of 38 patients with chronic HCV infection and 40 healthy controls were included. Vaccination was performed by injection of 20μg recombinant HBsAg into the deltoid muscle at mo 0,1 and 6. Anti-HBs concentration was determined 3 mo after the last dose and compared between the two groups. The response pattern was characterized as （1） high-response when the anti-HBs antibody titer was 〉 100 IU/L, （2） low-response when the titer was 10-100 IU/L. and （3） no-response when the titer was 〈 10 IU/L. RESULTS： In the patient group, there were 10/38 （26.3%） non-responders, 8/38 （21.1%） Iow-responders and 20/38 （52.6%） high-responders. The corresponding values in the control group were 2/40 （5.0%）, 7/40 （17.5%） and 31/40 （77.5%）, respectively. The response pattern was statistically different between the two groups. In multivariate analysis, smoking was a significant confounder, while HCV infection lost its significant correlation with lower antibody response. CONCLUSION： Patients with chronic HCV infection tend to respond weakly to HBV vaccination compared to healthy individuals, though this correlation is not independent according to multivariate analysis.

Identification of the immunogenic domains in HBsAg preS1 region using overlapping preS1 fragment fusion proteins

AIM: The incorporation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS1 region into epitope-based vaccines against HBV has been accepted widely, but the incorporate site and size of preS1 sequence is controversial. Therefore our purpose was to further investigate its immunogenic domains for the epitopebased hepatitis B vaccine design.METHODS: Eight GST fusion proteins containing overlapping preS1 fragments in preS1 (21-119) region were expressed in E.coli. Using these purified fusion proteins, the immunogenic domains in preS1 region were identified in detail in mice and humans by Western blot analysis and ELISA.RESULTS: The results in mice showed that the immunogenic domains mainly existed in preS1 (21-59) and preS1 (95-109). Similarly, these fragments had strong immunogenicity in humans; whereas the other parts except for preS1 (60-70) also had some immunogenicity.More importantly, a major immunogenic domain, preS1 (34-59), which has much stronger immunogenicity, was identified. Additionally, the antibodies against some preS1 fragments, especially preS1 (34-59), were speculated to be virus-neutralizing.CONCLUSION: Eight GST fusion proteins containing overlapping preS1 fragments were prepared successfully. They were used for the study on the immunogenic domains in preS1 (21-119) region. The preS1 (34-59) fragments were the major immunogenic domains in the preS1 region, and the antibodies against these fragments were speculated to be virus-neutralizing. Therefore, the incorporation of preS1 (34-59) fragments into epitopebased HBV vaccines may be efficient for enhancement of immune response. Additionally, the results also imply that there are more complex immune responses to preS1 region and more abundant immunogenic domains in humans.

Prokaryotic Expression of P1 Gene of Type Asia1 Foot and Mouth Disease Virus(FMDV)and the Preparation of Its Antiserum

[Objective] The aim was to study the prokaryotic expression of P1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus（FMDV）type Asia 1and the preparation of its antiserum.[Method]The P1 gene of FMDV type Asia 1 was obtained by gene cloning techniques,and then cloned into pET-32a（＋）plasmid;subsequently the recombinant plasmid was transformed into E.coli BL21（DE3）;after the IPTG induction and protein purification,SDS-PAGE analysis was carried out;the ultrasonic wave was use to lyse the cultivated recombinant strain,and after the isolation and purification,this fusion protein was utilized to immunize New Zealand rabbits so as to prepare P1 protein antiserum.[Result]The positive clones were obtained;SDS-PAGE result showed that the target band was appeared at 105 kD;Western blot analysis showed that the antisera could bind to the expressed P1 fusion protein specifically;the ELISA titer of the rabbit anti-FMDV-P1 sera was approximately 1∶5 120.[Conclusion]This study had provided foundations for FMDV serological diagnostic methods and genetically engineered vaccine.

Factors predicting occurrence and prognosis of hepatitis-B-virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Primary liver cancer is an important cause of cancer death, and hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） accounts for 70%-85% of total liver cancer worldwide. Chronic hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection contributes to 〉 75% of HCC cases. High serum viral load is the most reliable indicator of viral replication in predicting development of HCC. HBV genotype C is closely associated with HCC in cirrhotic patients aged 〉 50 years, whereas genotype B is associated with development of HCC in non-cirrhotic young patients and postoperative relapse of HCC. Different HBV subgenotypes have distinct patterns of mutations, which are clearly associated with increased risk of HCC. Mutations accumulate during chronic HBV infection and predict occurrence of HCC. Chronic inflammation leads to increased frequency of viral mutation via cellular cytidine deaminase induction. Mutations are negatively selected by host immunity, whereas some immuno-escaped HBV mutants are active in hepatocarcinogenesis. Inflammatory pathways contribute to the inflammation-necrosis-regeneration process, ultimately HCC. Their hallmark molecules can predict malignancy in HBV-infected subjects. Continuing inflammation is involved in hepatocarcinogenesis and closely related to recurrence and metastasis. HBV load, genotype C, viral mutations and expression of inflammatory molecules in HBV-related HCC tissues are significantly associated with poor prognosis. Imbalance between intratumoral CD8^＋T cells and regulatory T cells or Thl and Th2 cytokines in peritumoral tissues can predict prognosis of HBV-related HCC. These factors are important for developing active prevention and surveillance of HBV-infected subjects who are more likely to develop HCC, or for tailoring suitable treatment to improve survival or postpone postoperative recurrence of HCC.