基于辅导员工作视角的大学生社交恐惧症病因模型探究

文章通过梳理国内外大量文献,介绍了大学生社交恐惧症的病因模型,指出了社交恐惧症是一种慢性且功能受损的心理障碍,其特征是对一种或多种社交或表现情况反复出现恐惧。此外,文章分析了引起SAD的原因主要包括内部因素、环境因素以及行为个体面对刺激的心理因素三大方面,及其之间的相互联系和影响。

玉米须总皂苷对四氧嘧啶加葡萄糖所致小鼠病因性糖尿病模型的影响

目的:探讨玉米须总皂苷对病因性糖尿病小鼠模型的降糖作用。方法:采用静脉注射小剂量的四氧嘧啶加灌服葡萄糖造小鼠病因性糖尿病模型,通过血糖、血清胰岛素、胰岛细胞病理改变观察小鼠玉米须总皂苷对其影响。结果:玉米须总皂苷对该模型有较好降糖作用,且对胰岛损伤有较好的改善作用。结论:玉米须总皂苷对本糖尿病模型有较好的治疗作用。

基于小儿腹泻病因诊断模型治疗小儿腹泻的效果分析

目的:探讨并分析基于小儿腹泻病因诊断模型治疗小儿腹泻的效果。方法:选取江苏省丹阳市云阳人民医院儿科接诊的100例腹泻患儿作为研究对象。随机将其分为试验组(n=50)与对照组(n=50)。基于小儿腹泻病因诊断模型对试验组患儿进行治疗,对对照组患儿进行经验性治疗,然后比较两组患儿的临床疗效、使用抗生素的情况及静脉输液的情况。结果:两组患儿治疗的总有效率相比,P>0.05。试验组患儿抗生素的使用率和静脉输液率均低于对照组患儿,P<0.05。结论:基于小儿腹泻病因诊断模型治疗小儿腹泻的效果显著,能有效地改善患儿的病情,且能降低其抗生素的使用率及静脉输液率。

更年期综合征动物模型的特点及研究展望

目的:探讨更年期综合征动物模型的特点及发展方向。方法:分析和归纳现有更年期综合征动物模型的优势及不足,提出完善现有更年期综合征动物模型的思路和方法。结果:建立体现病证结合的更年期综合征动物模型和模型评价指标体系,并进行反治验证,有利于对更年期综合征的研究。结论:病证结合方法是完善更年期综合征模型的重要途径。

中医药动物模型研究述要

通过分析以往中医药动物模型的造模方法和影响造模的因素 ,较客观地阐述了中医药动物模型研究中存在的问题 ,并提出了今后中医药动物模型研究的发展方向。

病因研究的现状与思路

中医病因学说经春秋战国的萌芽时期、东汉的发展时期,到宋元的成熟时期,其学说已趋定型,在明清时期,吴又可等著名医家颇有创新地提出了"戾气学说”,但这明显带有微观化趋势的学说,很快被经典的"三因学说”所同化,而被吸纳于宏观思辨之中.相反,现代医学之病因学说,却以微观思辨的独特视角,指导着现代医学的临床实践.

个案概念化:发展、困境及整合模型

个案概念化是基于来访者及其问题信息提出的最佳解释和理论假设,该解释或假设指导了咨询实践。个案概念化是心理咨询师核心的综合性能力,也是咨询过程中不可缺少的部分。基于特定诊断或心理流派的个案概念化模型存在“从业认证上重视度高,临床咨询中使用率低”的困境。通过介绍和对比现有整合模型,澄清了个案概念化的框架。其中,循证整合模型所具有的系统性、科学性、简约性、个性化、灵活性等特征,极大地提高了个案概念化在咨询实践中的适用性和实用性。

Toll-like receptor 4 plays an anti-HBV role in a murine model of acute hepatitis B virus expression

AIM： Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） has been shown to be important for bacterial infection, especially to lipopolysaccharide signaling. Its possible role in HBV infection is studied in the present study. MATERIALS AND METHODS： pHBV3.6 plasmid, containing full-length HBV genome was used in the murine model of acute HBV expression by hydrodynamics in vivo transfection. TLR4 normal or mutant mouse strain was compared to investigate the possible role of TLR4 in acute HBV expression. RESULTS： After pHBV3.6 injection, the infiltrating leukocytes expressed TLR4 were observed nearby the HBsAg-expressing hepatocytes. The HBV antigenemia as well as the replication and transcription were higher in TLR4-mutant C3H/HeJ mice than in normal C3H/ HeN mice. The HBV-specific immune responses were impaired in the liver or spleen of the C3H/HeJ mice. Their inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） expression on the hepatic infiltrating cells was also impaired. When adoptively transferring splenocytes from C3H/HeN mice to C3H/HeJ mice, the HBV replication was inhibited to the level as that of C3H/HeN. CONCLUSION： These results suggest that TLR4 plays an anti-HBV role in vivo through the induction of iNOSexpression and HBV-specific immune responses after HBV expression.

MicroRNA signatures in liver diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an emerging class of highly conserved non-coding small RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. It is now clear that miRNAs can potentially regulate every aspect of cellular activity, including differentiation and development, metabolism, proliferation, apoptotic cell death, viral infection and tumorigenesis. Recent studies provide clear evidence that miRNAs are abundant in the liver and modulate a diverse spectrum of liver functions. Deregulation of miRNA expression may be a key pathogenetic factor in many liver diseases including viral hepatitis, hepatocellular cancer and polycystic liver diseases. A clearer understanding of the mechanisms involved in miRNA deregulation will offer new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to treat liver diseases. Moreover, better understanding of miRNA regulation and identification of tissue-specific miRNA targets employing transgenic/knockout models and/or modulating oligonucleotides will improve our knowledge of liver physiology and diseases.

Independent and combined effects of environmental factors and miR-126, miR-143, and miR-145 on the risk of coronary heart disease

Objective To evaluate the effects of environmental factors and microRNAs （miRNAs） （miR-126, miR-143, and miR-145） on the risk of coronary heart disease （CHD）. Methods A frequency-matched case-control study （450 patients, 450 controls） was conducted from April 2014 to December 2016 in Fuzhou City, China. Environmental factors were investigated using a self-administered questionnaire, and the expression levels of miR-126, rniR-143, and miR-145 were determined by quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction （PCR） in pe- ripheral blood mononuclear cells. Unconditional logistic regression models were used for statistical evaluation. Results Alcohol consumption, high-salt diets, high-intensity work, and lack of physical activity were significantly associated with increased CHD risk, whereas light diet was significantly associated with decreased risk. MiR-126, miR-143, and miR-145 were highly expressed in the CHD group compared with the control group. After adjustment for other environmental factors, unconditional logistic regression results revealed that miR-126, miR-143, and depression were the independent risk factors of CHD, and light diet was the independent protective factor of CHD. Conclusions Our data suggest that a family history of CHD, anxiety, and alcohol consumption was significantly associated with increased CHD risk, whereas light diet was significantly associated with decreased risk. Furthermore, miR-126 and miR-143 in combination with several risk factors, could play a joint role in the development of CHD. Therefore, it is necessary to manage patients with CHD in all directions and multiple level.

Genetically modified mouse models for the study of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is associated with obesity,insulin resistance,and type 2 diabetes.NAFLD represents a large spectrum of diseases ranging from(1) fatty liver(hepatic steatosis);(2) steatosis with inflammation and necrosis;to(3) cirrhosis.The animal models to study NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) are extremely useful,as there are still many events to be elucidated in the pathology of NASH.The study of the established animal models has provided many clues in the pathogenesis of steatosis and steatohepatitis,but these remain incompletely understood.The different mouse models can be classified in two large groups.The first one includes genetically modified(transgenic or knockout) mice that spontaneously develop liver disease,and the second one includes mice that acquire the disease after dietary or pharmacological manipulation.Although the molecular mechanism leading to the development of hepatic steatosis in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex,genetically modified animal models may be a key for the treatment of NAFLD.Ideal animal models for NASH should closely resemble the pathological characteristics observed in humans.To date,no single animal model has encompassed the full spectrum of human disease progression,but they can imitate particular characteristics of human disease.Therefore,it is important that the researchers choose the appropriate animal model.This review discusses various genetically modified animal models developed and used in research on NAFLD.

Can pigment gallstones be induced by biliary stricture and prevented by medicine in Guinea pigs?

AIM: To determine the relationship between biliary stricture and pigment gallstone formation, and the prevention of pigment gallstones with medicine. METHODS: One hundred and eighteen male guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups: stricture group (S, n = 30) underwent partial ligation of common bile duct, and fed on regular chow; S plus medicine group (S+M, n = 27) underwent the same operation but fed on medicinal chow (0.3 g chenodeoxycholic acid, 0.5 g glucurolactone, and 0.5 g aspirin were mixed up in 1.2 kg regular chow); medicinal control group (C+M, n = 30) was free of operation, and fed on medicinal chow; and control group (C, n = 31) was free of operation and fed on regular chow. One week later, laparotomy was performed, and the bile of gallbladder was collected, measured, and cultured. RESULTS: Gallstones were identif ied. Pigment gallstones were induced by biliary stricture in 95% (22/23) of S group. In the S+M group, the incidence of gallstone was reduced to 55% (11/20, vs S group, P < 0.01). The changes of indirect bilirubin and ionized calcium in the bile were consistent with gallstone incidences. CONCLUSION: Biliary stricture can cause pigment gallstone formation in guinea pigs, and the medicines used can lower the incidence of gallstones. The bilirubin and ionized calcium play important roles in pigment gallstone formation.

Effect of intratracheally administered BCG-DNA on murine model of asthma

Objective: To investigate the effect of intratracheally administered BCG DNA on a murine model of asthma. Methods: BALB/C mice were divided into 4 groups: normal control group, asthma model group, BCG DNA administered before OVA sensitization group, BCG DNA administered after OVA challenge group. The asthma models were developed by immunizing BALB/C mice with OVA. A total of 100 μg BCG DNA was intratracheally administered before OVA sensitization and after OVA challenge. WBC count and eosinophil percentage (EOS%) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured. Changes of IL 4 , IL 5,IL 12, IFN γ in BALF were determined by ELISA. Pulmonary inflammation was observed on normal pathological slides and the proliferation and mucus secretion of goblet cells stained by AB PAS were also observed. Results: IL 4 , IL 5,IL 12, IFN γ in BALF of normal control group were(32.3±5.7)pg/ml,(15.6±3.9)pg/ml,(80±8.5)pg/ml,(153.2±9.4)pg/ml respectively. IL 4,IL 5 in BALF of asthma model group increased to (299±15.6)pg/ml and (206.7±9.3)pg/ml, while IL 12 and IFN γ decreased to (20.4±4.1)pg/ml and (51.6±5.5) pg/ml respectively. BCG DNA administered intratracheally before OVA sensitization and after OVA challenge significantly increased IL 12 [(71.6±8.3)pg/ml,(67.8±8.1pg/ml)] and IFN γ [(119.0±11.3)pg/ml,(114.7±10.1)pg/ml] in the BALF. Meanwhile, BCG DNA decreased IL 4 [(82.1±6.1)pg/ml,(86.3±5.9)pg/ml] and IL 5 [(32.3±4.6)pg/ml,(37.4±5.3)pg/ml]. Eosinophil level in BALF was inhibited and the pulmonary inflammation was dramatically relieved compared to asthma model group. Conclusion: Intratracheally administered BCG DNA can induce IL 12 and IFN γ secretion,inhibit Th2 response which can relieve allergic airway inflammation and provide a new way in the treatment and prevention of asthma.

Insights into restrictive cardiomyopathy from clinical and animal studies

Cardiomyopathies are diseases that primarily affect the myocardium, leading to serious cardiac dysfunction and heart failure. Out of the three major categories of cardiomyopathies （hypertrophic, dilated and restrictive）, restrictive cardiomyopathy （RCM） is less common and also the least studied. However, the prognosis for RCM is poor as some patients dying in their childhood. The molecular mechanisms behind the disease development and progression are not very clear and the treatment of RCM is very difficult and often ineffective. In this article, we reviewed the recent progress in RCM research from the clinical studies and the translational studies done on diseased transgenic animal models. This will help for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the etiology and development of RCM and for the design of better treatments for the disease.

Over-expression of uPA increases risk of liver injury in pAAV-HBV transfected mice

AIM:To investigate the relationship between overexpression of urokinase plasminogen activator(uPA) and hepatitis B virus(HBV) related liver diseases in a transgenic mouse model.METHODS:Albumin-tetracycline reverse transcriptional activator and tetO-uPA transgenic mice were generated respectively through pronuclear injection and crossed to produce the double transgenic in-alb-uPA mice,for which doxycycline(Dox)-inducible and liver-specific over-expression of uPA can be achieved.Hydrodynamic transfection of plasmid adeno-associated virus(AAV)1.3HBV was performed through the tail veins of the Dox-induced in-alb-uPA mice.Expression of uPA and HBV antigens were analyzed through double-staining immunohistochemical assay.Cytokine production was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and α-fetoprotein(AFP) mRNA level was evaluated through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS:Plasmid AAV-1.3HBV hydrodynamic transfection in Dox-induced transgenic mice not only resulted in severe liver injury with hepatocarcinoma-like histological changes and hepatic AFP production,but also showed an increased serum level of HBV antigens and cytokines like interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α,compared with the control group.CONCLUSION:Over-expression of uPA plays a synergistic role in the development of liver injury,inflammation and regeneration during acute HBV infection.

AcMNPV As A Model for Baculovirus DNA Replication

Baculoviruses were first identified as insect-specific pathogens, and it was this specificity that lead to their use as safe, target specific biological pesticides. For the past 30 years, AcMNPV has served as the subject of intense basic molecular research into the baculovirus infectious cycle including the interaction of the virus with a continuous insect cell line derived from Spodoptera frugiperda. The studies on baculoviruese have led to an in-depth understanding of the physical organization of the viral genomes including many complete genomic sequences, the time course of gene expression, and the application of this basic research to the use of baculoviruses not only as insecticides, but also as a universal eukaryotic protein expression system, and a potential vector in gene therapy. A great deal has also been discovered about the viral genes required for the replication of the baculovirus genome, while much remains to be learned about the mechanism of viral DNA replication. This report outlines the current knowledge of the factors involved in baculovirus DNA replication, using data on AcMNPV as a model for most members of the Baculoviridae.

Efficacy of seasonal pandemic influenza hemagglutinin DNA vaccines delivered by electroporation against aseasonal H1N1 virus challenge in mice

Prophylactic DNA vaccines against the influenza virus are promising alternatives to conventional vaccines. In this study, we generated two candidate gene-based influenza vaccines encoding either the seasonal or pandemic hemagglutinin antigen （HA） from the strains A/New Caledonia/20/99 （HIN1） （pV1AS） and A/Califorrtia/04/2009 （H1N1） （pVEH1）, respectively. After verifying antigen expression, the immunogenicity of the vaccines delivered intramuscularly with electroporation was tested in a mouse model. Sera of immunized animals were tested in hemagglutination inhibition assays and by ELISA for the presence of HA-specific antibodies. HA-specific T-cells were also measured in IFN-γ ELISpot assays. The protective efficacy of the candidate influenza vaccines was evaluated by measuring mortality rates and body weight after a challenge with 100 LD50 of mouse-adapted A/New Caledonia/20/99 （H1N1）. Mice immunized with either one of the two vaccines showed significantly higher T cell and humoral immune responses （P〈0.05） than the pVAX1 control group. Additionally, the pV1A5 vaccine effec- tively protected the mice against a lethal homologous mouse-adapted virus challenge with a survival rate of 100% compared with a 40% survival rate in the pVEH1 vaccinated group （P〈0.05）. Our study indicates that the seasonal influenza DNA vac- cine completely protects against the homologous A/New Caledonia/20/99 virus （H1N1）, while the pandemic influenza DNA vaccine only partially protects against this virus.

Effect of houttuynia cordata aetherolea on adiponectin and connective tissue growth factor in a rat model of diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE:To determine the effect of Houttuynia cordata Aetherolea on connective tissue growth factor and adiponectin in a rat model of diabetes mellitus(DM).METHODS:DM was induced in rats using streptozotocin(STZ) and high glucose-lipid animal feed.Animals were then treated with Houttuynia cordata Aetherolea for 8 weeks.Changes in connective tissue growth factor and adiponectin levels in rats were observed.RESULTS:Connective tissue growth factor and adiponectin levels in rats with DM improved after Houttuynia cordata Aetherolea treatment.CONCLUSION:Houttuynia cordata Aetherolea had a positive effect on rats with DM by reducing levels of connective tissue growth factor and increasing adiponectin levels.

Understanding auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder： a system- atic review in transgenic mouse models

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder is a unique group of hearing dysfunctions characterized by preserved outer hair cell function and abnormal neural conduction of the auditory pathway. However, the pathogenic mechanism underlying this disorder is not clear. We therefore performed a systematic review of genetic mouse models with different gene mutations to provide a valuable tool for better understanding of the process and the possible molecular mechanisms. Of the 18 articles retrieved, nine met the required criteria. All biochemical, histological, and electrophysiological results were recorded for each of the mouse models, as was the transgenic technology. This review provides a summary of different mouse models that may play an important role in the diagnosis and management of auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder in the future.