Integrated Surveillance Method of Mosquitoes and Mosquito-borne Diseases

Monitoring on vector-borne virus lays foundation for control of vector-borne disease, and a scientific and highly-efficient surveil ance method is of great signifi-cance for prevention and control ing of vector-borne diseases. The research sum-marized mosquito and mosquito-borne disease monitoring methods and proposed problems in the monitoring system, as wel as introducing new monitoring methods at home and abroad, providing references for improvements of integrated surveil-lance of mosquito or mosquito-borne viruses.

Management of Insect Vectors of Viruses in Tomato Plants Using Different Densities of Yellow Traps

The initial phase of tomato is critical to the infestation of insect vectors of viruses. Therefore, this study aimed to test the use of yellow card traps around the crop to manage insect vectors of viruses and test the best density of traps/tomato plants. Yellow card traps were placed on the border of the crop plot to capture adult insect vectors. Density of trap/tomato plant was assessed in 10 blocks at the following levels： 1/25; 1/50; 1/75; 1/100; 1/125; 1/150. The monitoring was carded out in 1% of the crop during 60 days in 2011 and 2012 crop. The evaluated systems were Conventional and Phytosanitary Pest Management （PPM）. During 2011 season the Conventional system received 14 insecticide applications whereas only 6 insecticide applications were made on the PPM, representing a reduction of 133%. In 2012, the crop under Conventional system was subjected to 15 applications of insecticides, over 8 on PPM, with a reduction of 87.5%. The PPM allowed a 90% reduction in application cost for this insects, obtaining a reduction of R$1,345.00/ha. The highest density was 60 plants/trap. We can conclude that the yellow card traps in tomato crop decreased infestations of insect vectors of viruses.

Simultaneous Detection of Three Arboviruses Using a Triplex RT-PCR Enzyme Hybridization Assay

Arboviruses represent a serious problem to public health and agriculture worldwide. Fast, accurate identification of the viral agents of arbovirus-associated disease is essential for epidemiological surveillance and laboratory investigation. We developed a cost-effective, rapid, and highly sensitive one-step "triplex RT-PCR enzyme hybridization" assay for simultaneous detections of Japanese Encephallitis virus (JEV, Flaviviridae), Getah virus (GETV, Togaviridae), and Tahyna virus (TAHV, Bunyaviridae) using three pairs of primers to amplify three target sequences in one RT-PCR reaction. The analytical sensitivity of this assay was 1 PFU/mL for JEV, 10 PFU/mL for GETV, and 10 PFU/mL for TAHV. This assay is significantly more rapid and less expensive than the traditional serological detection and single RT-PCR reaction methods. When "triplex RT-PCR enzyme hybridization" was applied to 29 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples that were JEV-positive by normal RT-PCR assay, all samples were strongly positive for JEV, but negative for GETV and TAHV, demonstrating a good sensitivity, specificity, and performance at CSF specimen detection.

广州“10．2”空难事故卫生处理报告

1990年10月2日，广州自云机场发生了一起3架大型客机相撞，引起飞机着火、爆炸燃烧的灾难性事故(简称“10．2”事件)，造成52人伤，128人死亡。事故发生后，在抢救工作的同时和善后，我们对8000m^2现场的污物、血污、尸体、尸体碎片以及病媒虫、空气等进行了消毒、

Effect of elevated CO2 and O3 on phytohormone-mediated plant resistance to vector insects and insect-borne plant viruses

Climatic variations are becoming important limiting factors for agriculture productivity,as they not only directly affect the plant net primary productivity but can also modulate the outbreak of plant diseases and pests.Elevated CO_2 and O_3 are two important climatic factors that have been widely studied before.Elevated CO_2 or O_3 alters the host plant physiology and affects the vector insects and plant viruses via bottom-up effects of the host plants.Many studies have shown that elevated CO_2 or O_3 decreases the plant nitrogen content,which modulates the characteristics of vector insects.Recent evidence also reveals that hormone-dependent signaling pathways play a critical role in regulating the response of insects and plant viruses to elevated CO_2 or O_3.In the current review,we describe how elevated CO_2 or O_3 affects the vector insects and plant viruses by altering the SA and JA signaling pathways.We also discuss how changes in the feeding behavior of vector insects or the occurrence of plant viruses affects the interactions between vector insects and plant viruses under elevated CO_2 or O_3.We suggest that new insights into the upstream network that regulates hormone signaling and top-down effects of natural enemies would provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions taking place under elevated CO_2 or O_3.

Cyclovirobuxine D inhibits dengue virus replication by impeding the complete autophagy in a cholesterol-dependent manner

Dengue virus(DENV)is the most common mosquito-borne flavivirus,and it affects millions of people globally every year.Currently,there are no approved drugs for the treatment of dengue infection.By screening a natural product library,we identified a novel compound,cyclovirobuxine D(Cvb D),that displays anti-DENV activity.Cvb D inhibits DENV replication in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and protects suckling mice against lethal DENV infection.Mechanistically,Cvb D regulates the expression of genes related to the cellular cholesterol pathway.As a result,Cvb D increases cellular cholesterol synthesis and accumulation,activates mTOR,and inhibits viral-dependent autophagy.Cvb D does not suppress autophagy initiation but impedes the nuclear translocation of the lysosome transcription factor TFEB.In addition,Cvb D restricts the replication of other positive-strand RNA viruses such as Zika virus and Coxsackievirus B3.We speculate that Cvb D could be a broad-spectrum antiviral drug candidate for use against positive-strand RNA viruses that require autophagy for optimal replication.

Zika virus and Zika fever

An emerging mosquito-borne arbovirus named Zika virus(ZIKV), of the family Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus, is becoming a global health threat. ZIKV infection was long neglected due to its sporadic nature and mild symptoms. However, recently, with its rapid spread from Asia to the Americas, affecting more than 30 countries, accumulating evidences have demonstrated a close association between infant microcephaly and Zika infection in pregnant women. Here, we reviewed the virological, epidemiological, and clinical essentials of ZIKV infection.

GLOBAL STABILITY OF AN EPIDEMIC MODEL FOR VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE

This paper considers an epidemic model of a vector-borne disease which has the vectormediated transmission only. The incidence term is of the bilinear mass-action form. It is shown that the global dynamics is completely determined by the basic reproduction number Ro. If Ro ≤ 1, the diseasefree equilibrium is globally stable and the disease dies out. If Ro 〉 1, a unique endemic equilibrium is globally stable in the interior of the feasible region and the disease persists at the endemic equilibrium. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the results.