The hepatitis B virus （HBV） particle consists of an envelope containing three related surface proteins and probably lipid and an icosahedral nucleocapsid of approximately 30 nm diameter enclosing the viral DNA genom...The hepatitis B virus （HBV） particle consists of an envelope containing three related surface proteins and probably lipid and an icosahedral nucleocapsid of approximately 30 nm diameter enclosing the viral DNA genome and DNA polymerase. The capsid is formed in the cytosol of the infected cell during packaging of an RNA pregenome replication complex by multiple copies of a 21-kDa C protein. The capsid gains the ability to bud during synthesis of the viral DNA genome by reverse transcription of the pregenome in the lumen of the particle. The three envelope proteins S, t4, and L shape a complex transmembrane fold at the endoplasmic reticulum, and form disulfide-linked homoand heterodimers. The transmembrane topology of a fraction of the large envelope protein L changes posttranslationally, therefore, the N terminal domain of L （preS） finally appears on both sides of the membrane. During budding at an intracellular membrane, a short linear domain in the cytosolic preS region interacts with binding sites on the capsid surface. The virions are subsequently secreted into the blood. In addition, the surface proteins can bud in the absence of capsids and form subviral lipoprotein particles of 20 nm diameter which are also secreted.展开更多
A scoping review was conducted to report on the nature and extent of the literature addressing the transition through peri and post retirement for people living with chronic disorder（s）. The secondary purpose was to...A scoping review was conducted to report on the nature and extent of the literature addressing the transition through peri and post retirement for people living with chronic disorder（s）. The secondary purpose was to determine the extent that gender issues and the transition age （50-65） are specifically addressed. Of 3,256 titles identified, 111 articles meet the inclusion criteria. Information was often indirect but addressed varying health domains that significantly influence transitional stages toward retirement and illustrating the burden of chronic comorbid health problems, unequal gender positions with differences in labour force participation, retirement pensions, and changing social dynamics. Few studies directly addressed the complex interaction of chronic health outcomes, psychological well-being, social and financial health as a significant paradigm in determining a successful transition into retirement. Needed are prospective longitudinal studies that measure predictors and outcomes of retirement transitioning along with qualitative studies that define the decision-making process. Given the substantial differential impact in respect to retirement risk factors and opportunities, there must be consideration in design and analysis for future high quality research.展开更多
The transgenic carp were produced by micro-injection of CAgcGHc into the fertilized eggs. Observation of the thymus development between the transgenics and non- transgenic controls was carried out. The thymus of one-y...The transgenic carp were produced by micro-injection of CAgcGHc into the fertilized eggs. Observation of the thymus development between the transgenics and non- transgenic controls was carried out. The thymus of one-year- old transgenics F1 showed a great increase in both size and weight. The unilateral thymus of the transgenics weighed from 190 to 295 mg with average 218.6 mg, whereas the uni-lateral thymus of the controls weighed 20—81 mg with av-erage 42.5 mg; i.e. the thymus weight in the transgenics was 5.14 fold over that in the controls. The index of thymus/body weight in the transgenics was 2.97 fold over the controls. Light microscopy observation indicated that the thymus of the transgenics well developed with the thickened outer re-gion and compactly arranged thymocytes, while the thymus in the controls were degenerating with the thinned outer region, scattered thymocytes and groups of fatty cells. Fur-ther analysis with the electron microscopy revealed that pro-liferous cells in the transgenics were mainly small lympho-cytes and no pathological changes were found. The results confirmed that the 揂ll-fish?GH-transgene promotes thy-mus development and thymocyte proliferation, and retards thymus degeneration. The study has laid a foundation for further analysis of the immunobiological function in GH- transgenic carp.展开更多
文摘The hepatitis B virus （HBV） particle consists of an envelope containing three related surface proteins and probably lipid and an icosahedral nucleocapsid of approximately 30 nm diameter enclosing the viral DNA genome and DNA polymerase. The capsid is formed in the cytosol of the infected cell during packaging of an RNA pregenome replication complex by multiple copies of a 21-kDa C protein. The capsid gains the ability to bud during synthesis of the viral DNA genome by reverse transcription of the pregenome in the lumen of the particle. The three envelope proteins S, t4, and L shape a complex transmembrane fold at the endoplasmic reticulum, and form disulfide-linked homoand heterodimers. The transmembrane topology of a fraction of the large envelope protein L changes posttranslationally, therefore, the N terminal domain of L （preS） finally appears on both sides of the membrane. During budding at an intracellular membrane, a short linear domain in the cytosolic preS region interacts with binding sites on the capsid surface. The virions are subsequently secreted into the blood. In addition, the surface proteins can bud in the absence of capsids and form subviral lipoprotein particles of 20 nm diameter which are also secreted.
文摘A scoping review was conducted to report on the nature and extent of the literature addressing the transition through peri and post retirement for people living with chronic disorder（s）. The secondary purpose was to determine the extent that gender issues and the transition age （50-65） are specifically addressed. Of 3,256 titles identified, 111 articles meet the inclusion criteria. Information was often indirect but addressed varying health domains that significantly influence transitional stages toward retirement and illustrating the burden of chronic comorbid health problems, unequal gender positions with differences in labour force participation, retirement pensions, and changing social dynamics. Few studies directly addressed the complex interaction of chronic health outcomes, psychological well-being, social and financial health as a significant paradigm in determining a successful transition into retirement. Needed are prospective longitudinal studies that measure predictors and outcomes of retirement transitioning along with qualitative studies that define the decision-making process. Given the substantial differential impact in respect to retirement risk factors and opportunities, there must be consideration in design and analysis for future high quality research.
基金supported by the State High-Techmology Program and the Special Funds of the Major State Basic Research of China(Grant Nos.2001AA212281 and 2001CB109006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.301 30050 and 30070588).
文摘The transgenic carp were produced by micro-injection of CAgcGHc into the fertilized eggs. Observation of the thymus development between the transgenics and non- transgenic controls was carried out. The thymus of one-year- old transgenics F1 showed a great increase in both size and weight. The unilateral thymus of the transgenics weighed from 190 to 295 mg with average 218.6 mg, whereas the uni-lateral thymus of the controls weighed 20—81 mg with av-erage 42.5 mg; i.e. the thymus weight in the transgenics was 5.14 fold over that in the controls. The index of thymus/body weight in the transgenics was 2.97 fold over the controls. Light microscopy observation indicated that the thymus of the transgenics well developed with the thickened outer re-gion and compactly arranged thymocytes, while the thymus in the controls were degenerating with the thinned outer region, scattered thymocytes and groups of fatty cells. Fur-ther analysis with the electron microscopy revealed that pro-liferous cells in the transgenics were mainly small lympho-cytes and no pathological changes were found. The results confirmed that the 揂ll-fish?GH-transgene promotes thy-mus development and thymocyte proliferation, and retards thymus degeneration. The study has laid a foundation for further analysis of the immunobiological function in GH- transgenic carp.
