Objective： To analyze the current situation of syphilis in the sexually transmitted diseases （STDs） clinic, from January 1994 to December 2002 was studied. Methods： All syphilis patients were confirmed by history,...Objective： To analyze the current situation of syphilis in the sexually transmitted diseases （STDs） clinic, from January 1994 to December 2002 was studied. Methods： All syphilis patients were confirmed by history, physical examination, dark-field microscopy of samples taken from the chancre or satellite lymph nodes,or positive serological tests. Results： From 1994 to 2002, there were 2067 cases of early syphilis, accounting for 20.01% （2067/10330） of all STD cases. The annual proportion of syphilis cases among all STD cases from 1994 to 2002 was 0.57%, 0.53%, 3.54%, 16.20%, 31.29%, 27.88%, 25.63%, 17.11%, 10.48%, respectively. Of 2067 syphilis patients,49.64% （1026/2067） were male and 50.36% （1041/2067） were female. 44.75% （925/2067） of all cases presented with primary syphilis, 44.90% （928/2067） with secondary syphilis, 9.77% （202/2067） with latent syphilis （without any conspicuous clinical signs or symptoms）, and 0.58% （12/2067） with congenital syphilis. The 30-39 year old cohort accounted for the largest proportion, at 37.68% （779/2067） of all syphilis cases. The 20-29 year old cohort also accounted for a large proportion, at 37.20% （769/2067） of all cases,followed by the 40-49 year old cohort, at 17.95% （371/2067）. Syphilis was most prevalent among the unemployed,self-employed laborers, and office workers in decreasing order. The majority of cases were graduates of either primary school, high school, or college. Of all syphilis cases, 87.86% （1816/2067） were married, and 12.14%（251/2067, including children） were unmarried. 76.78% （1587/2067） of all cases were acquired through extramarital intercourse. 14.03% （290/2067） of cases were infected by their spouses. 0.58% （12/2067） of cases were due to vertical transmission. 8.61% （178） of cases were acquired through indirect contact. Conclusion： The proportion of syphilis infection among all STDs remained stable from 1994 to 1995,quickly and dramatically increased from 1996 to 1999,and then gradually tapered down from 2000 to 2002. The incidence of congenital syphilis infections increased throughout the study period.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus （HCV） is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. In man, the pathobiological changes associated with HCV infection have been attributed to both the i...Hepatitis C virus （HCV） is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. In man, the pathobiological changes associated with HCV infection have been attributed to both the immune system and direct viral cytopathic effects. Until now, the lack of simple culture systems to infect and propagate the virus has hampered progress in understanding the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of HCV infection, including the molecular mechanisms implicated in HCV-induced HCC. This clearly demonstrates the need to develop small animal models for the study of HCV-associated pathogenesis. This review describes and discusses the development of new HCV animal models to study viral infection and investigate the direct effects of viral protein expression on liver disease.展开更多
AIM:Little has been known about the pathogenesis of non- erosive reflux disease(NERD).Recent studies have implicated interleukin 8(IL-8)in the development and progression of gastroesophgeal reflux disease(GERD).The pu...AIM:Little has been known about the pathogenesis of non- erosive reflux disease(NERD).Recent studies have implicated interleukin 8(IL-8)in the development and progression of gastroesophgeal reflux disease(GERD).The purpose of this study was to determine IL-8 RNA expression levels in NERD patients with or without subtle mucosal changes. METHODS:We studied 26 patients with NERD and 13 asymptomatic controls.Biopsy sample was taken from the esophagus 3 cm above the gastroesophageal junction and snap frozen for measurement of IL-8 mRNA levels by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR).We also examined mRNA expression of IL-8 receptors,CXCR-1 and -2 by reverse transcriptase PCR.The patients were endoscopically classified into grade M(mucosal color changes without visible mucosal break)and N(neither minimal involvement nor mucosal break)of the modified Los Angeles classification. RESULTS:The relative IL-8 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in esophageal mucosa of NERD patients than those in esophageal mucosa of the controls.There was a significant difference in IL-8 mRNA levels between grades M and N.The CXCR-1 and -2 mRNAs were constitutively expressed in esophageal mucosa.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that high IL-8 levels in esophageal mucosa may be involved in the pathogenesis of NERD through interaction with its receptors. NERD seems to be composed of a heterogeneous population in terms of not only endoscopically minimal involvement but also immune and inflammatory processes.展开更多
Several clinical reports confirmed that gastric atrophy is a pathology not only limited to adult patients. In pediatrics, it is most olden described in association with a H pylori infection but this bacteria does not ...Several clinical reports confirmed that gastric atrophy is a pathology not only limited to adult patients. In pediatrics, it is most olden described in association with a H pylori infection but this bacteria does not seem to be the only etiological factor of this preneoplastic state in children. The frequency of gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in children are unknown because they are not systematically sought during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The lack of specific histological classification of children＇s gastropathies makes their diagnosis difficult for pathologists. Based on our knowledge to date, we think that it is necessary to describe, in detail, the natural course of this lesion during childhood. A close and prolonged clinical and endoscopic follow-up is important for children with gastric atrophy.展开更多
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) of the paranasal sinuses is extremely rare,with an unclear pathogenesis.The presence of neuroendocrine granules is suggestive of neuroendocrine differentiation.It was report...Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) of the paranasal sinuses is extremely rare,with an unclear pathogenesis.The presence of neuroendocrine granules is suggestive of neuroendocrine differentiation.It was reported that this disease relates to the presence of accessory salivary glands,and some basic research has shown that it might originate from the multi-potent stem cells.There are no specific clinical symptoms but rhinal and ophthalmological symptoms are found in most cases.Diagnosis mainly depends on histopathological manifestations,immunohistochemical results and features of the electron microscopic ultra-structure.Pathological differentiation from poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma,melanoma,esthesioneuroblastoma and neuroglioma etc.is needed.No unified regimen has been employed in treating the disease.At present,combined therapy has a manifest therapeutic effect,such as success with the 2003 French regimen.Tumor relapse is common and prognosis is poor.A complete combined treatment plan will be helpful to improve the prognosis.展开更多
AIM： Microcirculatory dysfunction and free oxygen radicals are important factors in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis. Additional oxygen delivery might enhance lipid peroxidation but may also improve panc...AIM： Microcirculatory dysfunction and free oxygen radicals are important factors in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis. Additional oxygen delivery might enhance lipid peroxidation but may also improve pancreatic microcirculation. This study assesses the effect of free cellular bovine hemoglobin on the formation of oxygen radicals and microcirculation in a rodent model of severe acute pancreatitis. METHODS： Fifteen minutes after induction of acute pancreatitis Wistar rats received either 0.8 mL bovine hemoglobin （HBOC-200）, hydroxyethyl starch （HES） or 2.4 mL of normal saline to ensure normovolemic substitution. After 6 h of examination the pancreas was excised and rapidly processed for indirect measurement of lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde （MDA） and reduced glutathione （GSH） in pancreatic tissue. RESULTS： The single application of HBOC-200 improved pancreatic microcirculation and reduced histopathological tissue damage significantly. Tissue concentration of MDA did not differ between the groups. Also no differences in GSH levels were detected.CONCLUSION： Though the single application of HBOC-200 and HES improve pancreatic microcirculation, no differences in lipid peroxidation products were detected. The beneficial effect of additional oxygen supply （HBOC-200） does not lead to enhanced lipid peroxidation.展开更多
Liver is a primary site of ethanol metabolism, which makes this organ susceptible to alcohol-induced damage. Alcoholic liver disease （ALD） has many manifestations and complicated pathogenesis. In this Topic Highligh...Liver is a primary site of ethanol metabolism, which makes this organ susceptible to alcohol-induced damage. Alcoholic liver disease （ALD） has many manifestations and complicated pathogenesis. In this Topic Highlight, we included the key reviews that characterize new findings about the mechanisms of ALD development and might be of strong interest for clinicians and researchers involved in liver alcohol studies.展开更多
文摘Objective： To analyze the current situation of syphilis in the sexually transmitted diseases （STDs） clinic, from January 1994 to December 2002 was studied. Methods： All syphilis patients were confirmed by history, physical examination, dark-field microscopy of samples taken from the chancre or satellite lymph nodes,or positive serological tests. Results： From 1994 to 2002, there were 2067 cases of early syphilis, accounting for 20.01% （2067/10330） of all STD cases. The annual proportion of syphilis cases among all STD cases from 1994 to 2002 was 0.57%, 0.53%, 3.54%, 16.20%, 31.29%, 27.88%, 25.63%, 17.11%, 10.48%, respectively. Of 2067 syphilis patients,49.64% （1026/2067） were male and 50.36% （1041/2067） were female. 44.75% （925/2067） of all cases presented with primary syphilis, 44.90% （928/2067） with secondary syphilis, 9.77% （202/2067） with latent syphilis （without any conspicuous clinical signs or symptoms）, and 0.58% （12/2067） with congenital syphilis. The 30-39 year old cohort accounted for the largest proportion, at 37.68% （779/2067） of all syphilis cases. The 20-29 year old cohort also accounted for a large proportion, at 37.20% （769/2067） of all cases,followed by the 40-49 year old cohort, at 17.95% （371/2067）. Syphilis was most prevalent among the unemployed,self-employed laborers, and office workers in decreasing order. The majority of cases were graduates of either primary school, high school, or college. Of all syphilis cases, 87.86% （1816/2067） were married, and 12.14%（251/2067, including children） were unmarried. 76.78% （1587/2067） of all cases were acquired through extramarital intercourse. 14.03% （290/2067） of cases were infected by their spouses. 0.58% （12/2067） of cases were due to vertical transmission. 8.61% （178） of cases were acquired through indirect contact. Conclusion： The proportion of syphilis infection among all STDs remained stable from 1994 to 1995,quickly and dramatically increased from 1996 to 1999,and then gradually tapered down from 2000 to 2002. The incidence of congenital syphilis infections increased throughout the study period.
文摘Hepatitis C virus （HCV） is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. In man, the pathobiological changes associated with HCV infection have been attributed to both the immune system and direct viral cytopathic effects. Until now, the lack of simple culture systems to infect and propagate the virus has hampered progress in understanding the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of HCV infection, including the molecular mechanisms implicated in HCV-induced HCC. This clearly demonstrates the need to develop small animal models for the study of HCV-associated pathogenesis. This review describes and discusses the development of new HCV animal models to study viral infection and investigate the direct effects of viral protein expression on liver disease.
文摘AIM:Little has been known about the pathogenesis of non- erosive reflux disease(NERD).Recent studies have implicated interleukin 8(IL-8)in the development and progression of gastroesophgeal reflux disease(GERD).The purpose of this study was to determine IL-8 RNA expression levels in NERD patients with or without subtle mucosal changes. METHODS:We studied 26 patients with NERD and 13 asymptomatic controls.Biopsy sample was taken from the esophagus 3 cm above the gastroesophageal junction and snap frozen for measurement of IL-8 mRNA levels by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR).We also examined mRNA expression of IL-8 receptors,CXCR-1 and -2 by reverse transcriptase PCR.The patients were endoscopically classified into grade M(mucosal color changes without visible mucosal break)and N(neither minimal involvement nor mucosal break)of the modified Los Angeles classification. RESULTS:The relative IL-8 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in esophageal mucosa of NERD patients than those in esophageal mucosa of the controls.There was a significant difference in IL-8 mRNA levels between grades M and N.The CXCR-1 and -2 mRNAs were constitutively expressed in esophageal mucosa.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that high IL-8 levels in esophageal mucosa may be involved in the pathogenesis of NERD through interaction with its receptors. NERD seems to be composed of a heterogeneous population in terms of not only endoscopically minimal involvement but also immune and inflammatory processes.
文摘Several clinical reports confirmed that gastric atrophy is a pathology not only limited to adult patients. In pediatrics, it is most olden described in association with a H pylori infection but this bacteria does not seem to be the only etiological factor of this preneoplastic state in children. The frequency of gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in children are unknown because they are not systematically sought during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The lack of specific histological classification of children＇s gastropathies makes their diagnosis difficult for pathologists. Based on our knowledge to date, we think that it is necessary to describe, in detail, the natural course of this lesion during childhood. A close and prolonged clinical and endoscopic follow-up is important for children with gastric atrophy.
文摘Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) of the paranasal sinuses is extremely rare,with an unclear pathogenesis.The presence of neuroendocrine granules is suggestive of neuroendocrine differentiation.It was reported that this disease relates to the presence of accessory salivary glands,and some basic research has shown that it might originate from the multi-potent stem cells.There are no specific clinical symptoms but rhinal and ophthalmological symptoms are found in most cases.Diagnosis mainly depends on histopathological manifestations,immunohistochemical results and features of the electron microscopic ultra-structure.Pathological differentiation from poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma,melanoma,esthesioneuroblastoma and neuroglioma etc.is needed.No unified regimen has been employed in treating the disease.At present,combined therapy has a manifest therapeutic effect,such as success with the 2003 French regimen.Tumor relapse is common and prognosis is poor.A complete combined treatment plan will be helpful to improve the prognosis.
文摘AIM： Microcirculatory dysfunction and free oxygen radicals are important factors in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis. Additional oxygen delivery might enhance lipid peroxidation but may also improve pancreatic microcirculation. This study assesses the effect of free cellular bovine hemoglobin on the formation of oxygen radicals and microcirculation in a rodent model of severe acute pancreatitis. METHODS： Fifteen minutes after induction of acute pancreatitis Wistar rats received either 0.8 mL bovine hemoglobin （HBOC-200）, hydroxyethyl starch （HES） or 2.4 mL of normal saline to ensure normovolemic substitution. After 6 h of examination the pancreas was excised and rapidly processed for indirect measurement of lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde （MDA） and reduced glutathione （GSH） in pancreatic tissue. RESULTS： The single application of HBOC-200 improved pancreatic microcirculation and reduced histopathological tissue damage significantly. Tissue concentration of MDA did not differ between the groups. Also no differences in GSH levels were detected.CONCLUSION： Though the single application of HBOC-200 and HES improve pancreatic microcirculation, no differences in lipid peroxidation products were detected. The beneficial effect of additional oxygen supply （HBOC-200） does not lead to enhanced lipid peroxidation.
文摘Liver is a primary site of ethanol metabolism, which makes this organ susceptible to alcohol-induced damage. Alcoholic liver disease （ALD） has many manifestations and complicated pathogenesis. In this Topic Highlight, we included the key reviews that characterize new findings about the mechanisms of ALD development and might be of strong interest for clinicians and researchers involved in liver alcohol studies.
