枣疯病枝电镜材料的处理技术

枣疯病枝电镜材料的处理技术陈功友，刘静敏（河南农业大学植保系郑州４５０００２）（河南医科大学电镜室）研究植物病原类菌原体（ＭＬＯ）在寄主韧皮组织中的存在状态要借助电镜对病组织进行观察，传统的病组织固定、脱水、浸透和包埋方法程序繁琐，完成全过程需１００...

桑黄化型萎缩病病原体在越冬病枝条内的消长情况

桑黄化型萎缩病病原类菌原体(MLo),在桑树生长季节中,病原主要分布在病枝条皮部、叶柄、叶脉、叶肉组织中。但以桑树枝条新梢幼嫩组织中病原菌含量较多。以往实验证实,桑树在生长季节中,病枝条上的各芽都带有病原,套接健康桑苗都能发病。但对越冬病桑枝条是否带毒未开展系统性研究。

蓝莓枝枯病枝剪口涂抹药剂效果试验

以自配涂抹膏、伤口保、10倍液45%石硫合剂为试材,在蓝莓表现枝枯病症状枝条下,研究了不同长度剪除的剪口及采用不同药膏涂抹对蓝莓枝枯病防治效果。结果表明:剪口距有染病症状的枝条下的长度越大被感染的几率越低,在染病症状的枝条下15cm处剪除,涂抹自配涂抹膏效果最好,自配药膏当年防效达到100%,次年防效达到85.71%,涂抹伤口保防效为22.63%,石硫合剂防效为30.56%。在染病症状的枝条下15cm处剪除并在剪口涂抹自配药膏对降低新生枝再次感染效果较好。

杨树黄叶病害病枝扦插、留床育苗及苗木定植试验报告

通过对受杨树黄叶病危害的病枝育苗观察,可以看到,苗前期部分苗木出现黄叶现象,随着苗木生长或施肥后,生长势增强,叶片逐步变绿;定植观察,幼树均没有发病,证明杨树黄叶病害与枝条的健康度有很大关系,病枝生长势衰弱,出苗后,不能及时提供苗木生长所需营养,叶片就会发黄。随着苗木生长或施肥后,苗木根系增加,叶片数增加,养份积累,生长势增强,叶片就会逐步变绿。

中亚沙棘 × 中国沙棘杂交F1代优株的基础生长发育指标对比分析

对于沙棘属植物中亚沙棘、中国沙棘两个亚种间的杂交F1代实生苗,大田定植后采用全面测定其树高、地径、冠幅、百果重、果实株产等基础生长发育指标的方法,从51株中优选出生态、经济效益俱佳的10个F1代双中杂雌沙棘优株,其果实株产较蒙中杂雌沙棘高,并经调查树体感染缩叶病的病枝比例,优选出4个高抗病沙棘植株(病枝比例均为0),其中2个高产、2个中产:“双中杂雌沙棘09号”“双中杂雌沙棘38号”均为高产高抗病沙棘,株产分别为27.67 kg、12.23 kg;“双中杂雌沙棘39号”为中产多固形物高抗病沙棘(株产7.32 kg,可溶性固形物含量17.9%),“双中杂雌沙棘01号”为中产高抗病沙棘(株产2.80 kg)。这4个高抗病沙棘,将为以后的生态经济型林分建设和有关沙棘亚种间杂交育种研究工作提供优质材料。

Preliminary Identification of Loquat Leaf Mould Pathogenic Fungus in Mengzi City of Yunnan Province

[Objective] The study aimed to investigate the Ioquat leaf mould disease in Mengzi City of Yunnan Province and lay the foundation for determination of effective prevention and control methods.[Method] Loquat leaf mould pathogenic fungus was isolated by tissue separation method and inoculated with conidial suspension.The pathogenicity of Ioquat leaf mould pathogen was verified by Koch＇s postulate.Under a microscope,mycelial morphology and conidial fructification were observed,spore sizes were measured,and Ioquat leaf mould pathogen was identified according to the morphological characteristics.[Result] Velvet-like,olive green fungal colonies were generated on PDA medium.Conidiophores erect,apex curved,dark brown,smooth,with obvious spore marks and no diaphragm,（33.0-152.8） μm×（2.6-4.0）μm.Cladosporium was brown or pale olive with spore marks,monocelled or with one diaphragm,（7.1-19.0） μm × （1.9-5.9） μm.Conidia concatenate （2-4）,oval or spherical,with no spore mark,light olive,monocelled,smooth,（2.1-9.4） μm × （1.2-2.6） μm.[Conclusion] Loquat leaf mold disease began to occur in the germination period of spring shoots and summer shoots and became serious in the germination period of autumn shoots.Sooty mold-like layer grew on both front and back surfaces and densely covered the whole leaves,thus seriously affecting the photosynthesis of plants.The pathogen was preliminarily identified as Cladosporium eriobotryae Pass.＆ Beltrani.

苹果炭疽病和轮纹病病菌田间散发规律及两病药剂防治试验研究

１９８８～１９８９年，选择新乡市郊区重病园，应用空中捕捉孢子、花后果实套袋、病枝淋洗及多菌灵、百菌清等五种农药四种搭配方法对苹果炭疽病Ｇｌｏｍｅｒｌｌａｃｉｎｇｕｌａ（Ｓｔｏｎ．Ｓｃｈ．ｅｔＳｐａｕｌｄ）和轮纹病ＰｈｙｓａｐｏｒａｐｉｒｉｃｏｌａＮｏｓｅ进行防治。结果表明：①苹果自花后至收获期均可受到两病孢子的侵染；②病菌孢子的散发量与降雨量有着十分密切的关系；③日均温２０℃是两病孢子散发的临界温度；④多菌灵、百菌清等五种农药交替施用的防效最好，相对防治效果为９８％。

银杏枯梢病防治技术研究

采用化学防治、人工修剪病枝梢的方法进行银杏枯梢病防治研究,结果表明:选用25%多菌灵300倍、50%多菌灵500倍、70%甲基托布津800倍、K1 500倍、B3 500倍、惠满丰400倍液,对实生苗银杏和嫁接苗银杏进行防治,其防治效果最好是50%多菌灵、70%甲基托布津、70%甲基托布津与惠满丰混合液;其次是25%多菌灵;再次是K1、B3。人工修剪病枝梢,配合用50%多菌灵效果较好。防治后可使实生苗银杏、嫁接苗银杏发病率降低10.7%,2.65%;生长量得到提高,4年生实生苗银杏平均苗高、根径是对照区的1.79倍和1.23倍;苗木主干分岔率由41%降低到2.9%。化学防治的关键要抓住病原的初侵染期。

冬季清理果园灭虫防病

冬季清理果园对灭虫防病起到事半功倍的效果。具体做法如下: 一、翻耕园地,深埋落叶杂草:秋后春前深翻果园,即可松土,破坏害虫和病菌的越冬场所:又可将园内杂草、落叶、落果深埋土内,消灭其中潜藏的病虫。果园翻耕的深度,一般以15～20厘米为宜,树盘内可适当浅些,树盘外可以深些。最好在冬剪和刮皮后翻耕。 二、剪除病虫枝、梢:结合冬春果园修剪,剪除带病、虫的枝、梢,集虫烧毁,可消灭大量病虫。此外,对于园内使用过的吊枝草绳,撑果树用的棍棒等物也要清理,不能再用的应集中处理或深埋,可以使用的也要喷药消毒。

月季的早春修剪

月季是我国著名的观赏花卉，从春暖后至初冬月月开花不断。早春，月季的根开始在土壤里伸展，这时最重要的管理工作是修剪。温暖地区在2月下旬，较寒冷的北方在3月或4月进行修剪。

脐橙溃疡病防治技术

吉水县九九山农行果业开发基地,1994年定植了枳砧脐橙 0.5hm^2,株行距为3m×1.5m,品种为朋娜、纽荷尔。1994年、1995年由于忽视了对溃疡病防治,病害不断蔓延。

桑疫病严重发生后的田间防效试验

对桑疫病严重发生桑园,采取剪伐病枝后用3种杀菌剂喷雾防治,结果表明:剪伐病枝45 d后,株发病率比剪伐前下降57.45%,枝发病率比剪伐前下降86.61%;3种杀菌剂间隔7 d喷雾3次,株校正控制效果分别为3%中生菌素可湿性粉剂1000倍38.14%、2%春雷霉素水剂250倍38.14%、30%噻唑锌悬浮剂400倍30.74%;枝校正控制效果分别为3%中生菌素可湿性粉剂1000倍35.85%、2%春雷霉素水剂250倍31.29%、30%噻唑锌悬浮剂400倍23.38%。

Effects of Seedling-cake Integrated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Resistance of Bacterial Wilt in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

[Objective] The aim was to investigated the effects of seedling-cake with AMF on resistance of pepper （Capsicum annuum L.） to bacterial wilt. [Methods] A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the dynamics of mycorrhizal colonization, disease index, morbidity rate, control effect and several agronomic traits of mycorrhizal seedlings after inoculation with RS in two kinds of seeding-cakes with AMF. [Results] Two kinds of seedling-cakes formed steadily mycorrhizal colonization after inoculation, which enhanced disease-resistance and decreased morbidity rate and disease index in different degrees. What’s more, the performance of self-made seedling-cakes was obviously better than that of commercial seedling-cakes. [Conclusions] Self-made seedling-cakes with AMF have superior performance on bacterial wilt resistance of pepper, which should be made use of in other crops extensively.

Role of mucosal dendritic cells in inflammatory bowel disease

The gastrointestinal innate and adaptive immune system continuously faces the challenge of potent stimuli from the commensal microflora and food constituents. These local immune responses require a tight control, the outcome of which is in most cases the induction of tolerance. Local T cell immunity is an important compartment of the specif ic intestinal immune system. T cell reactivity is programmed during the initial stage of its activation by professional presenting cells. Mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) are assumed to play key roles in regulating immune responses in the antigen-rich gastrointestinal environment. Mucosal DCs are a heterogeneous population that can either initiate (innate and adaptive) immune responses, or control intestinal inflammation and maintain tolerance. Defects in this regulation are supposed to lead to the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). This review will discuss the emerging role of mucosal DCs in regulating intestinal inflammation and immune responses.

Chronic liver disease questionnaire:Translation and validation in Thais

AIM:Quality of life (QOL) is a concept that incorporates many aspects of life beyond“health”.The chronic liver disease questionnaire (CLDQ) was developed to evaluate the impact of chronic liver diseases (CLD) on QOL.The objectives of this study were to translate and validate a liver specific questionnaire,the CLDQ. METHODS:The CLDQ was formally translated from the original version to Thai language with permission.The translation process included forward translation,back translation,cross-cultural adaptation and a pretest.Reliability and validity of the translated version was examined in CLD patients.Enrolled subjects included CLD and normal subjects with age- and sex-matched.Collected data were demography, physical findings and biochemical tests.All subjects were asked to complete the translated versions of CLDQ and SF- 36,which was previously validated.Cronbach's alpha and test-retest were performed for reliability analysis.One-way Anova or non-parametric method was used to determine discriminant validity.Speerman's rank correlation was used to assess convergent validity.P-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS:A total of 200 subjects were recruited into the study,with 150 CLD and 50 normal subjects.Mean ages (SD) were 47.3(11.7) and 49.1(8.5) years,respectively.The number of chronic hepatitis:cirrhosis was 76:74,and the ratio of cirrhotic patients classified as Child A:B:C was 37 (50%):26(35%):11(15%).Cronbach's alpha of the overall CLDQ scores was 0.96 and of all domains were higher than 0.93.Item-total correlation was>0.45.Test-retest reliability done at 1 to 4 wk apart was 0.88 for the average CLDQ score and from 0.68 to 0.90 for domain scores.The CLDQ was found to have discriminant validity.The highest scores of CLDQ domains were in the normal group,scores were lower in the compensated group and lowest in the decompensated group.The significant correlation between domains of the CLDQ and SF-36 was found.The average CLDQ score was strongly correlated with the general health domain of SF-36.(P=0.69:P=0.01). CONCLUSION:The translated CLDQ is valid and applicable in Thais with CLD.CLDQ reveals that QOL in these patients is lower than that in normal population.QOL is more impaired in advanced stage of CLD.

First case of cross-auxiliary double domino donor liver transplantation

We report a case of double domino liver transplantation in a 32-year-old woman who was diagnosed with familial amyloid polyneuropathy(FAP) and liver dysfunction. A two-stage surgical plan was designed, and one domino graft was implanted during each stage. During the firststage, an auxiliary domino liver transplantation was conducted using a domino graft from a 4-year-old female child with Wilson's disease. After removing the right lobe of the FAP patient's liver, the graft was rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise and placed along the right side of the inferior vena cava(IVC). The orifices of the left, middle, and right hepatic veins were reconstructed using an iliac vein patch and then anastomosed to the right side of the IVC. Thirty days later, a second domino liver graft was implanted. The second domino graft was from a 3-yearold female child with an ornithine carbamyl enzyme defect, and it replaced the residual native liver(left lobe). To balance the function and blood flow between the two grafts, a percutaneous transcatheter selective portal vein embolization was performed, and "the left portal vein" of the first graft was blocked 9 mo after the second transplantation. The liver function indices, blood ammonia, and 24-h urinary copper levels were normal at the end of a 3-year follow-up. These two domino donor grafts from donors with different metabolic disorders restored normal liver function. Our experience demonstrated a new approach for resolving metabolic disorders with domino grafts and utilizing explanted livers from children.

The importance of depression and alcohol use in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients：risk factors for delirium and poorer quality of life

ObjectiveToinvestigate whether depression, anxiety and stress increase the risk for delirium and poor quality of life （QOL） after co-ronary artery bypass （CABG） surgery.MethodsA total of 180 CABG patients （mean age of 63.5 ± 10.1 years, 82.2% males） completed baseline and postoperative self-report questionnaires to assess distress and QOL. Incident delirium was diagnosed postoperatively with a structured clinical interview and patients were monitored every day post-operatively for confusion and disturbance in consciousness.Results Delirium developed in 63 persons （35% of sample）. After adjustment for covariates, delirium was significantly associated with depression [odds ratio （OR）： 1.08; 95% confidence interval （CI）： 1.03-1.13,P = 0.003], anxiety （OR： 1.07; 95% CI： 1.02-1.13,P= 0.01） and stress （OR： 1.05; 95% CI： 1.00-1.09,P= 0.03）. Preoperative depression scores were associated with poorer QOL including bodily pain （β =-0.39,P = 0.013）, vitality （β=-0.32,P = 0.020）, social functioning （β=-0.51,P≤0.001）, emotional role function （β=-0.44,P = 0.003） and general health （β=-0.33,P = 0.038）. Among the covariates, harmful levels of alcohol use was consistently associated with poorer QOL.Conclusions Depression and harmful levels of alcohol use were consistently associated with poorer QOL whereas depression, anxiety and stress were associated with delirium risk. These findings point to further research examining depression and harmful levels of alcohol use in coronary heart disease populations undergoing coronary revascularization.

Acute myeloid leukemia cells inhibit the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells and induce the generation of regulatory T cells

Objective： To investigate the effects of soluble factors secreted by acute myeloid leukemia （AML） cells on the phenotypical and functional properties of DCs derived from normal mononuclear cells. Methods： Mononuclear cells were cultured with interleukin-4 （IL-4） and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor （GM-CSF）, in the presence or absence of 24 h culture supematants from fresh pdmary AML cells, to generate immature DCs. The maturation of DCs was induced by cytokines IL-lbeta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-alpha）, and prostaglandin-2 （PGE-2）. The phenotypic alterations of DCs and DCs-primed CD4＋ T cells were evaluated using flow cytometry. Precursor frequency （PF） was calculated to monitor the allostimulatory effects of DCs on CD4^＋ and CD8^＋ T cells. Results：AML cell supernatant-treated DCs showed significantly lower expression of co-stimulatory molecules CDS0 and CD86, and reduced response to cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and PGE-2. The allostimulatory effects of AML cell supematant-treated DCs on CD4^＋ and CD8^＋ T cells were significantly lower than those of normal mature DCs [PF： （1.8 ±0.5）% vs. （5.2 ± 1.6）% for CD4^＋ T cells, （2.1 ±0.6）% vs. （6.5 ± 2.0）% for CD8^＋ T cells, P 〈 0.01]. These AML supernatantoinduced DCs could also induce allogeneic CD4^＋ T cells to differentiate into CD4^＋CD25high T cells, which had immunophenotyping characteristics of regulatory T cells, i.e. they expressed Foxp3 but not active maker CD69. Conclusion： This study demonstrates that soluble factors secreted by AML cells can inhibit development and functions of DCs. In addition, AML supernatant-induced DCs can induce the generation of CD4^＋CD25^high T cells from CD4^＋ T cells, which may be a mechanism of increased prevalence of CD4^＋CD25^high regulatory T cells and immune dysfunction in AML patients.

Role for mycobacterial infection in pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis?

Primary biliary cirrhosis （PBC） is a progressive cho- lestatic liver disease characterized by the immune- mediated destruction of biliary epithelial cells in small intrahepatic bile ducts. The disease is characterized by circulating antimitochondrial antibodies （AMAs） as well as disease-specific antinuclear antibodies, cholestatic liver function tests, and characteristic histological fea- tures, including granulomas. A variety of organisms are involved in granuloma formation, of which mycobacte- ria are the most commonly associated. This has led to the hypothesis that mnycobacteria may be involved in the pathogenesis of PBC, along with other infectious agents. Additionally, AMAs are found in a subgroup of patients with rnycobacterial infections, such as lep- rosy and pulmonary tuberculosis. Antibodies against species-specific mycobacterial proteins have been re- ported in patients with PBC, but it is not clear whether these antibodies are specific for the disease. In addi- tion, data in support of the involvement of the role of molecular mimicry between rnycobacterial and human mitochondrial antigens as triggers of cross-reactive im- mune responses leading to the loss of immunological tolerance, and the induction of pathological features have been published. Thus, antibodies against myco- bacterial heat shock protein appear to cross-recognize AMA-specific autoantigens, but it is not clear whether these autoantibodies are mycobacterium-species-spe- cific, and whether they are pathogenic or incidental. The view that mycobacteria are infectious triggers of PBC is intriguing, but the data provided so far are not conclusive.