清热解毒方对支原体肺炎患儿肺泡灌洗液中支原体病菌量的影响

目的:研究分析清热解毒方对难治性支原体肺炎(RMPP)患儿肺泡灌洗液中支原体病菌量的影响。方法:选取在我科住院诊断RMPP患儿90例,治疗过程中因故退出11例,最终入选79例,随机分为2组。对照组38例,采用阿奇霉素抗菌、糖皮质激素抗炎、纤维支气管镜灌洗等常规治疗;治疗组41例,在常规治疗基础上加服清热解毒方中药。分别对治疗前、治疗后2组患儿肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中MP-DNA基因拷贝数进行比较。结果:治疗组与对照组比较患儿BALF中MP-DNA基因拷贝数变化明显,2者比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:清热解毒方治疗RMPP可使患儿BALF中肺炎支原体病菌量减少,抑制患儿体内肺炎支原体或增强患儿肌体清除支原体功能可能是清热解毒方治疗RMPP的作用机制之一。

建立以lipA和purH为靶基因的RTQ-PCR方法对水稻白叶枯病菌侵染过程进行定量分析

【目的】建立水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo)的分子定量法,测定Xoo侵染水稻植株后不同时间的种群量及其变化【。方法】选用以lipA和purH为靶基因序列的引物P4和P5,用SYBR Green I实时定量PCR(RTQ-PCR)分析在水稻接种植株内的病菌种群量。【结果】与细菌平板计数法相比,RTQ-PCR法定量结果基本相近或略高(≤10倍),变化趋势基本相似,用2对引物P4和P5进行RTQ-PCR定量无显著差异。接种3d的植株内己有菌量积累,但不显症;从接种5d开始,细菌明显增加,植株显症并逐渐加重;接种9～14d菌量增加到峰值,并进入稳定平台期,植株显症严重。病菌种群量与植株显症间的关系可能与细菌群体感应机制有关。【结论】用RTQ-PCR分子定量法可以直接对水稻植株内的Xoo进行动态定量研究;提出了水稻病害分子定量"病菌靶基因拷贝数-DNA总量-种群量-植物病症"的研究模式。

小麦白粉病菌分生孢子田间传播的初步研究

2015年度采用定容式孢子捕捉器对田间空气中小麦白粉病菌分生孢子传播的初步研究表明,在病害发生初期病菌分生孢子捕捉量比较低,但随着菌源中心病害的逐渐加重,病菌分生孢子在距菌源中心20 m和40 m远处捕捉量随之增大。线性弧度相关分析结果发现,距菌源中心北向20 m和40 m处的孢子捕捉量与风向存在显著正相关性;距菌源中心不同距离处的孢子捕捉量之间均存在极显著正相关性,且在相同方向上,距菌源中心20 m处孢子捕捉量显著高于40 m处孢子捕捉量。

“三度一量”法与水稻立枯病的防治

通过对水稻育秧过程的全面调查研究 ,认为立枯病是以弱苗为内因 ,通过环境温度、播种密度、土壤酸碱度 ,以及土壤中病菌量 (三度一量 )等外界因素综合作用而引起的。为此 ,制定了“三度一量”法防治措施 。

Analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci for Pathogenic Strain Pi-1 of Resistance to Rice False Smut in Rice(Oryza sativa)

In order to identify the resistant gene of rice false smut in rice, a recombi- nant inbred line （RILs） population with 157 lines derived from an inter-subspecies cross of Daguandao/IR28 by the single seed descent method was used to detect quantitative trait loci （QTLs） conferring resistance to strain Pi-1 of rice false smut caused by Usti/aginoiclea virens （Cooke） Takahashi in 2012 and 2013. The disease rate indexes of the two parents and 157 RILs caused by the strain Pi-1 of rice false smut were scored and the QTLs for rice false smut resistance were detected accordingly by QTL Cartographer software. Seven QTLs controlling false smut re- sistance were detected on chromosomes 2, 7, 8, 11 and 12, respectively, with the phenotypic variance of 8.5%-17.2%. There were four QTLs detected in 2012 and 2013, respectively, and only one QTL was found in both two years, the phenotypic variation explained by this individual QTL was 13.5% and 17.2%, and the additive effects of this QTL contributed to the 9.9% and 14.3% decrease of disease index and therefore the disease resistance increased. The direction of the additive effects at five loci qFsr2a, qFsr8a, qFsr8b, qFsr11 and qFsr12 coincided with that predicted by phenotypes of the parents, and the IR28 alleles at these loci had positive effect against rice false smut while the negative effects were found in Daguandao alleles at qFsr2b and qFsr7. The qFsr11 should be useful in rice breeding for resistance to rice false smut in marker-assisted selection （MAS） program.

新型精细水质过滤器

该产品整体结构紧凑、合理,造价低,体积小,处理后的水质量高,可用在电镀、化工、机械等行业的生产工艺及废水处理中。经该产品过滤后的清液,所含病菌量低,且一次过滤后便可达到使用水的标准要求,无需再作处理。还可利用集水输出管反向输入高压水或高压风。

Elimination of Foodborne Pathogens in Seafoods by Irradiation： Effects on the Quality and Shelf-Life

Animal originated contamination is the main problem of public health and causes human suffering all over the world. Nowadays, radiation technology is used on foods and yielded with positive results. Gamma radiation causes damage in the structure of bacterial DNA and cell walls. This irritation can lead to decrease in bacterial growth such as spoilage and pathogenic organisms （i.e, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O 157：H7） by this means, increased quality and shelf-life can be obtained. However, for the maintaining organoleptic and nutritional quality, it is an obligation to achive the lowest levels of doses according to chemical, physical, microbiological properties of the product. Radiation energy can lead to radiolytic products from lipids, proteins and water which are the maj or components of seafoods. Another problem in seafood industry is quality losses at the retail and distribution. Time-temperature integrations are the major factors affecting the bacterial growth and enzymatic activity on the loss of seafood quality. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available information on the elimination of some food pathogens by irradition, which emphasize the effects of gamma irradiation on the quality and shelf-life of seafoods.

Quality of ulcer healing in gastrointestinal tract:Its pathophysiology and clinical relevance

In this paper, we review the concept of quality of ulcer healing （QOUH） in the gastrointestinal tract and its role in the ulcer recurrence. In the past, peptic ulcer disease （PUD） has been a chronic disease with a cycle of repeated healing/remission and recurrence. The main etiological factor of PUD is Helicobacter pylori （H. pylorl~, which is also the cause of ulcer recur- rence. However, H. pylori-negative ulcers are pres- ent in 12%-20% of patients; they also recur and are on occasion intractable. QOUH focuses on the fact that mucosal and submucosal structures within ulcer scars are incompletely regenerated. Within the scars of healed ulcers, regenerated tissue is immature and with distorted architecture, suggesting poor QOUH. The abnormalities in mucosal regeneration can be the basis for ulcer recurrence. Our studies have shown that persistence of macrophages in the regenerated area plays a key role in ulcer recurrence. Our studies in a rat model of ulcer recurrence have indicated that proinflammatory cytokines trigger activation of macro- phages, which in turn produce increased amounts of cytokines and chemokines, which attract neutrophils to the regenerated area. Neutrophils release proteolytic enzymes that destroy the tissue, resulting in ulcer re- currence. Another important factor in poor QOUH can be deficiency of endogenous prostaglandins and a defi- ciency and/or an imbalance of endogenous growth fac- tors. Topically active mucosal protective and antiulcer drugs promote high QOUH and reduce inflammatory cell infiltration in the ulcer scar. In addition to PUD, the concept of QOUH is likely applicable to inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn＇s disease and ulcer- ative colitis.

Factors predicting survival in patients with proximal gastric carcinoma involving the esophagus

AIM： To investigate the clinicopathologic features which predict surgical overall survival in patients with proxima gastric carcinoma involving the esophagus （PGCE）. METHODS： Electronic pathology database established in the Department of Pathology of the Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital was searched for consecutive resection cases of proximal gastric carcinoma over the period from May 2004 through July 2009. Each retrieved pa- thology report was reviewed and the cases with tumors crossing the gastroesophageal junction line were se- lected as PGCE. Each tumor was re-staged, following the guidelines on esophageal adenocarcinoma, accord- ing to the 7th edition of the American Joint Commission on Cancer Staging Manual. All histology slides were studied along with the pathology report for a retrospec- tive analysis of 13 clinicopathologic features, i.e., age, gender, Helicobacter pylori （H. pylon} infection, surgical modality, Siewert type, tumor Bormann＇s type, size, dif- ferentiation, histology type, surgical margin, lympho- vascular and perineural invasion, and pathologic stage in relation to survival after surgical resection. Prognos- tic factors for overall survival were assessed with uni- and multi-variate analyses. RESULTS： Patients＇ mean age was 65 years （range： 47-90 years）. The male： female ratio was 3.3. The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 87%, 61% and 32%, respectively. By univariate analysis, age, male gender, H. pylori, tumor Bormann＇s type, size, histology type, surgical modality, positive surgical margin, lym- phovascular invasion, and pT stage were not predictive for overall survival; in contrast, perineural invasion （P = 0.003）, poor differentiation （P = 0.0003）, 〉 15 to- tal lymph nodes retrieved （P = 0.008）, positive lymph nodes （P = 0.001）, and distant metastasis （P = 0.005） predicted poor post-operative overall survival. Celiac axis nodal metastasis was associated with significantly worse overall survival （P = 0.007）. By multivariate analysis, ≥ 16 positive nodes （P = 0.018）, lymph node ratio 〉 0.2 （P = 0.003）, and overall pathologic stage （P= 0.002） were independent predictors for poor overa survival after resection. CONCLUSION： Patients with PGCE showed worse over- all survival in elderly, high nodal burden and advanced pathologic stage. This cancer may be more accurately staged as gastric, than esophageal, cancer.

Analysis and Evaluation of Microbial Contamination of Raw Beef in Supermarkets in Phnom Penh

The study focused on analysis and evaluation of microbial contamination of raw beef was designed to （1） determine the presence of foodborne pathogens in raw beef; （2） compare the prevalence of microbial contamination among the three supermarkets, and （3） evaluate the sanitary quality of raw beef products. Also, six kind of microorganisms including Total Plate Count, Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform, which represented sanitary quality and E. coli, S. Aureus and B. cereus, which determined the presence of foodborne pathogens, were analyzed. The procedures used to analyse experimental samples taken from three supermarket （in every one week for three weeks） in Phnom Penh were based on Merck＇s study in 2005. The results had shown that there were no significant differences in Total Plate Counts, Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform in all samples, and they were found in unacceptable numbers in the raw beef products. However, the prevalence of foodborne pathogens including E. coli, S. aureus and B. cereus were found in acceptable numbers. Furthermore, the samples taken from the second supermarket had the highest level of microbial contamination among the three supermarkets, while the samples taken from the first supermarket had the lowest level of microbial contamination. This experimental finding demonstrated the need for sanitary improvement in the beef retails markets and strict sanitary guideline and implementation of these practices could guarantee consumers＇ health by consuming raw beefs with the lowest risk of foodborne pathogens.

Wheat Yield Response to Foliar Fungicide Application against Leaf Rust Caused by Puccinia triticina

A study was conducted on reducing the yield loss of wheat due to leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina with foliar application of fungicides during the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growing seasons at the Wheat Research Institute in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Three fungicides： Folicur （tebuconazole） at 300 mL/ha, Nativo （tebuconazole ＋ trifloxystrobin） at 300 g/ha and Tilt （propiconazole） at 500 mL/ha were applied single or two times to Morocco and Sehar-06 wheat varieties used in the trial. The trial plots were first sprayed at the Zadok＇s scale （ZS） 3 stage and second sprayed between ZS 4.3 and 5.4 stages. The greenness of the trial crop was measured using GreenSeeker. Foliar application of fungicides significantly reduced the loss of grain yield and 1,000-grain weight （TGW） of wheat due to leaf rust in comparison to the control without fungicides application. Of the three fungicides, two times spray of Nativo reduced the grain yield loss of leaf rust susceptible mega wheat variety Sehar-06 by 45%-56% and the loss of TGW by 42%, also giving the highest marginal return in the trial. Single application of Nativo was equally effective as two times spray of Folicur in reducing the loss of wheat grain yield. Two times spray of Folicur was found to be the second choice of fungicide for reducing the yield loss of wheat. The research identified suitable fungicides for reducing the yield loss of wheat due to leaf rust and also generated important scientific knowledge required to manage a sudden outbreak of leaf rust to ensure food security.

Utilization of low quality water of mountain reservoirs: a case study from Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Oman

Al Jabal al Akhdar(Green Mountain) in arid northern Oman has freshwater resources that had supported small communities for hundreds of years. Jabal Akhdar receives more rainfall(300-400 mm) when compared to the desert plains. In the last few years, this region had undergone enormous changes due to rapid development. The resident and transient populations have increased and their activities exert severe stress on the water resources. There are 24 retention reservoirs in the area, but most are eutrophic and the nutrient loading is due to input of animal fecal matter via surface run-off. As expected, these waters contaminated with coliform bacteria and some have pathogenic Escherichia coli. Drinking water needs of all the villages met by groundwater extraction. Because of poor quality, the surface water in the reservoirs is under-utilized. A low-cost lowmaintenance treatment system designed, constructed and operated in one village to clean the reservoir water for non-drinking human use. The treatment unit improved the water quality parameters. A survey among the adult male population of the village showed their eagerness to adopt this system and use the treated reservoir water for uses other than agriculture. Establishment of these treatment units in other villages should reduce the pressures on groundwater extraction.

Wheat Genetic Transformation as Efficient Tools to Fight against Fungal Diseases

Wheat ranks first among cereal crops cultivated in the world. In its production, diseases like powdery mildew, fusarium head blight and rusts caused by fungal pathogens represent a major problem. They produce different symptoms that cause severe crop damage by infecting the spikes, leaves, roots, stems and grains. They are causing losses both by reducing the quantity of the harvested crop and the quality of the product. Quality problems of the harvested product can be due to shrivelled seed, which are frequently found as a consequence of the infection by leaf pathogens, such as mildews, rusts and Septoria. Fusarium head blight is the major culprit for mycotoxin contamination from the harvested grain, causing economic losses and in the worst casing human and animal health problems. In severe epidemics, all these fungal diseases can significantly reduce yield. Resistance to fungi is beneficial not only from a commercial point of view （yield）, but also because of the reduced levels of mycotoxins. The integration of transgenic approaches offers a potential chemical-free and environment-friendly solution for controlling fungal pathogens. This is an essential asset for wheat world food security.

钞票——让人欢喜让人忧

买东西,下餐馆,打出租……每天,我们都和钞票进行无数次的亲密接触。那么,怎样才能在充分享受钞票带给我们便利的同时,免受钞票上脏东西的侵袭呢?据卫生检测表明,每张钞票上带有病原微生物26000～69000个,最多者可达三十余万个;即使小小的一枚硬币,病原微生物也有3万～4万个。并且,流通机会较多的角票比十元票平均带菌数高出数倍。银行出纳员每点钞3张,其手指带菌数大约在600～2300个;点钞机点钞3000张。

RNA-seq reveals the critical role of Csp A in regulating Brucella melitensis metabolism and virulence

Brucella melitensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium that replicates within macrophages. The ability of Brucella to survive and multiply in the hostile environment of host macrophages is essential for its virulence. The cold shock protein Csp A plays an important role in the virulence of B. melitensis. To analyze the genes regulated by Csp A, the whole transcriptomes of B. melitensis NI?csp A and its parental wild-type strain, B. melitensis NI, were sequenced and analyzed using the Solexa/Illumina sequencing platform. A total of 446 differentially expressed genes were identified, including 324 up-regulated and 122 down-regulated genes. Numerous genes identified are involved in amino acid, fatty acid, nitrogen, and energy metabolism. Interestingly, all genes involved in the type IV secretion system and Lux R-type regulatory protein Vjb R were significantly down-regulated in NI?csp A. In addition, an effector translocation assay confirmed that the function of T4 SS in NI?csp A is influenced by deletion of the csp A gene. These results revealed the differential phenomena associated with virulence and metabolism in NI?csp A and NI, providing important information for understanding detailed Csp A-regulated interaction networks and Brucella pathogenesis.