北方林业病虫害的特点与生态防治措施

最近几年,我国逐渐加强了对林业的建设和的发展关注度,为林业建设提供很大的支持与帮助。当前,我国北方地区的林业种植面积较大,使北方地区的生态平衡和生态环境有明显的改善。但是,当前林业病虫害的多发导致北方林业发展中的病虫害的问题很难解决。因此,要根据病虫害的特点制定有效的病虫害防治技术,对林业病虫害进行科学防治。本文针对北方林业病虫害的问题进行分析,以供参考。

辣椒的种植与病虫害防治技术

辣椒系茄科辣椒属作物,属一年生或多年生草本植物,各地均有栽培,是传统的主要蔬菜。辣椒果与成熟果均可鲜食,还可腌渍、干制、磨酱、粉碎加工,冷冻脱水加工,是外销和出口的主要蔬菜之一。文章介绍了辣椒的种植和病虫害防治技术。

林业培育及病虫害防治管理措施探讨

随着我国现代林业建设进程的加快,森林总面积也日益增多,而林业培育技术和病虫害防治工作也面临着全新的挑战。为了有效提升森林的培育及管理水平,围绕林业培育的技术及病虫害防治管理问题进行了探讨,概述了目前我国林业培育的状况,论述了林业培育管理的相关技术,并提出了林业病虫害防治管理的有效措施,供相关人士参考。

森林病虫害防治技术和措施分析

我国拥有辽阔的土地面积,其中森林面积在我国土地面积中占比极大,但是,相应的病虫害情况也十分严重。从我国现今森林病虫害的具体情况入手,对我国现阶段森林病虫害的防治手段和措施进行解析,并就研究结果提出较为完备的森林病虫害的解决方案。

Application of Self-propelled Boom Sprayers for Control of Rice Insects and Diseases

Comparisons were performed between self-propelled boom sprayer and traditional mechanis, such as knapsack sprayer and sprayer-duster, stretcher-type powered sprayer, as well as single rotor unmanned sprayer and multi-rotor un- manned sprayer. The effects on rice injury, lodging, and rehabilitation were conclud- ed and drug uniform distribution, sedimentation and prevention effects were ana- lyzed. The results showed that the self-propelled boom sprayer is characterized by high degree of automation, convenient operation, high adaptability, and high work efficiency. What＇s more, the sprayed fog quality is better, and fog distribution is more uniform. During the work process, fog loss would be diminished substantially, improving work efficiency and cutting down drug and water. It is notable that the underpart of the sprayer can be widely applied to plant protection in large-scale ar- eas in Jiangsu Province, significantly advancing whole-process mechanization of rice production.

Chinese Herbal Medicine Resources with Bacteriostatic and Insecticidal Activities and Their Application as Pesticides

Herbal pesticides refer to the active ingredients extracted from herbs which are used for pest and disease control in crops or pure substances isolated from them. They are of great significance for the production of pollution-free agricultural products, as well as for exploiting the abundant plant resources in China for the prevention and control of pests. In this paper, the advantages of herbal pesticides,such as being environment-friendly, diverse patterns of action, safety for higher animals and the natural enemies of pests and making it hard for pests to produce resistance were first stated; then, Chinese herbal medicine resources with antibacterial and insecticidal activities from 49 families and their functions were reviewed, and 19kinds of herbal pesticides that have been developed and applied in China and seven kinds that have been produced on a large scale were also introduced; finally,three issues deserving further exploration during the development and application of herbal pesticides were presented, that is, research in variety selection and cultivation of herbs, and methods for extraction of active ingredients; basic research in the structure identification of herbal active ingredients, and the relationship between plant variety and active ingredients; development of lead compounds based on herbal active ingredients.

Prevention and Controll of Diseases and Pest Damages of Siraitia grosvenori

[Objective] The aim was to develop prevention and control approaches of diseases and pests of Siraitia grosvenori. [Method] Long-term observation was con- ducted on cultivation methods of Siraitia grosvenori in the gardens in Longjiang Vil- lage of Yongfu County to conclude the prevention methods. [Result] Siraitia grosvenori yield can be reduced by nine diseases, such as root knot nematode dis- ease, and eight pests, such as Brachytrupes portentosus. [Conclusion] It would be effective for prevention of diseases and pests and guarantee quality and yield of Luohan guo to manage the gardens dominated by biological control and supple- mented by pesticide as per crop rotation.

The Use of Sludge from Cow Manure Biodigester as Fertilizer and Carrier of Cordyceps sp. for White Grub Pest Control

Processing cow manure into biogas is a solution to reduce air pollutant, because it reduces the smell of the manure up to 70%. Besides producing biogas, the sludge of biodigester can also serve as solid and liquid fertilizer. The solid fertilizer can be used as carder of entomopathogenic fungi to control the pest which lives underground. The research aimed to investigate the benefits of biodigester sludge as fertilizer and carrier of entomopathogenic fungi （Cordyceps sp.） to control white grub pest. The use of organic fertilizer and pesticide in the cultivation can minimize the environmental hazard. The method used in the study was completely randomized design with four treatments, which were the addition of Cordyceps sp. corn media as much as 0, 10, 20 and 30 g/kg of sludge. Every addition was repeated three times to corn planted in a tub. To examine the effect of the treatments, the data were analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan test was applied when differences occurred between treatments. The results of the research showed that the nutrients contained in the manure which had been processed into biogas were not lost. The plants cultivated in the planting medium supplemented with sludge grew healthier, bigger, taller and had stronger and longer roots. On the contrary, the plants cultivated without sludge addition were vulnerable to white grub attack. The Cordyceps sp., which was added into the sludge, was effective to control the white grub. The concentration of Cordyceps sp. as much as 20 g/kg of sludge in corn planting medium was the most effective concentration to control white grub pest.

Interdependence between Natural Habitats and Ricefields for Rice Pest Management in the Agusan Marsh Floodplain

This paper describes how aquatic insect diversity in major natural habitats of Agusan marsh relates with nearby ricefields to determine the interdependence between them for sustainable rice production through natural pest control and for conservation of aquatic fauna in the marsh. Sampling for one year including two cropping seasons of rice production was conducted in various natural habitats of the marsh and in the adjoining rice fields. Both the natural habitats and rice fields were characterized in relation to determining habitat suitability for aquatic insects. The sedge-dominated swamp had the highest diversity among the natural habitats, while the fern-dominated swamp had the lowest. In the adjacent ricefields, diversity was similarly highest in the site near the sedge-dominated swamp, while the lowest was in the ricefields adjoining the Sago forest. Species composition of aquatic insects among the habitats differed between the wet and dry seasons. However, similarity patterns exist between natural habitats and rice fields. The closer similarity in species composition between natural habitats and ricefields indicates habitat connectivity which is an important consideration in planning and effective pest management and ecologically sound rice farming in the marsh.

A Sustainable Agriculture Production Model of Pampanga State Agricultural University in Central Luzon, Philippines

Alternative Low-Input Agriculture Systems （ALIAS） center advocates organic and sustainable food production system through farm/field demonstration and piloting. The center undertakes activities, including research and development, extension and training, technology dissemination, linkaging and promotional activities. The study established a campus-based demonstration technology showcasing ALIAS to facilitate easy technology diffusion. The objectives of this research were to promote： （1） bio-fertilizers and plant-based pesticides in managing insect pests and diseases of organic vegetables and fruit crops; （2） lotus-tilapia integration as a new modality of farming system in frequently flooded areas; （3） honeybee as pollinators to enhance productivity of organic vegetable and fruit crops; （4） Adlai as intercrop to organic vegetable and fruit crops in support to rice sufficiency; （5） native chicken-coffee integration. The results show that： （1） microbial inoculants and plant-based pesticides are effective in controlling diseases and insect pest, respectively; （2） lotus integration in tilapia production system have no negative effect on the tilapia yield; （3） honeybees as pollinators enhances fruit setting by 42%-68% in different crops; （4） Adlai is a viable intercrop for organic vegetable and fruit crops; （5） native chicken integration was found to be beneficial in terms of soil fertility, insect pest control, natural weeding practices and cultivation in the coffee plantation.

Post-Harvest Technology Transfer to Reduce on Farm Grain Losses in Kitui District, Kenya

Training and demonstrations as a means of post harvest technology transfer at farm level were conducted in 5 divisions of Kitui district. The aim was to reinforce farmers＇ knowledge about storage and help them select proper application methods of pest control suitable for their storage. A total of 163 participants were trained in various storage pest management topics. Before each demonstration, farmers listed their common methods of mixing grain with chemical dusts. Shovel mixing on tarpaulin or wheelbarrows and in-bag stick mixing were evaluated alongside the research way of using the shovel for grain mixing and the ＂fuffle＂, a more efficient device for mixing grain with chemical dusts. Only the 1.6% pirimiphos methyl/0.3% permethrin （Actellic super dust） was used and the treated and untreated controls were stored on site in 90 kg bags. After two months, damage and live infestation were assessed in 1 kg samples drawn from each mixing method. Despite lack of uniformity of grain due to different sources, farmers were able to identify the mixing methods which gave better results. KARl methods appeared better and the fhffle was rated as an effective and labour saving tool and farmers were keen to have it fabricated by local artisans.

Economic and Environmental Impact Transgenically Modified Cotton Comparative with Synthetic Chemicals for Insect Control

This article combines both a review of the literature and original data from our research. The comparative efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis （Berliner） traits Bollgard, Bollgard II, WideStrike, and non-Bt expressing cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., for control of the noctuid complex of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea （Boddie）; fall armyworm, Spodopterafrugiperda （J.E. Smith）; beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua （Htibner）; and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni （Hiibner）, were evaluated in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas during 2005-2009. Noctuid larval survival and damage to leaves on non-Bt cotton were 3.6-fold greater than on Bollgard II or WideStrike cotton and 1.5-fold greater than on cotton varieties with the Bollgard trait. Transgenic cotton has reduced the need for conventional insecticides with benefits to human health and the environment. The revenue differences between Bt and conventional cotton for last four years in LRGV of Texas was 214.35/ha and profit about 94.95/ha. We also analyzed cotton noctuid losses between Bt and conventionally grown cotton in the USA summary of all states and Texas summary of all regions.

The New Pest Scatella tenuicosta Collin （Diptera： Ephydridae） for Spirulina Ponds

The goal of this study was to discover Scatella tenuicosta Collin （Diptera： Ephydridae） for the first time as a pest on blue-green algae Spirulina platensis. This algae has been recognized as a very important commercial product in the world today and as one of the most promising ones among the other microscopic algae due to its richness in polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as in gamma-linolenic acid （GLA）, and in pigments including phycocyanin, myxoxanthophyll and zeaxanthin. Both immature and adult development stages ofS. tenuicosta have been studied under the temperature of 15±2℃. The development times for eggs, larval stages, including first, second, and third one, and for pupae as well as for adults were found to be 1.4, 1.0, 1.1, 1.1, 3.0 and 8.7 respectively. Some pest control practices ofS. tenuicosta on S. platensis have been also examined in this study.

Formulation and Characterization of IPM/Water/Nonionic-lonic Surfactant Microemulsions

Microemulsions of both O/W and W/O types were formulated by using Brij76, Brij97 and Tween80 as nonionic surfactant and propanol or butanol as cosurfactant with isopropyl myristate oil and water. Low concentrations of sodium salts of hexanoic, decanoic, palmitic and stearic acids were added to the prepared microemulsions to assess their ability to enhance microemulsion stability. Solubilization capacity of microemulsions was estimated and compared with their conductivities at the same water content. Solubilization capacity for YweenS0-containing microemulsions was found to be lower than that of Brij containing microemulsions. Different effects of the ionic surfactants at the maximum solubilization capacity were observed in both O/W and W/O microemulsions. Microemulsion conductivity results showed that different ionic surfactants exerted minor and comparable effects regardless to the implemented nonionic surfactant. Analysis of solubilization conductivity revealed that the presence of ionic surfactant can improve microemulsion solubilization capacity and provided that optimum physicochemical properties for both surfactants are fulfilled. These properties have direct impact at the goodness of the interracial film.

Researches and Afforestation of Paulownia in China

Paulownia is a fast-growing tree species that is mainly found in the central part of China. Three main cultivation areas of Paulownia are the Yellow-Huai-Hai Plain, south of the Yangtze River, and arid and semi-arid areas of Northwestern China. There are 9 species, 4 varieties and 4 forms used in the production in China. Study achievements were obtained in the fields of species/variety introduction, selection and breeding, afforestation techniques as well as the control of diseases and pests. The main problems existing in the current production include lack of improved varieties, mix-up of different varieties and variety degeneration due to the long course of a sexual reproduction. The author put forward countermeasures for the problems.

Mechanisms and Techniques of Agroforestry Ecosystem on Snail Control and Schistosomiasis Prevention

Schistosomiasis, an important parasitic disease, is severely harmful to human heath in China . The beach along the Yangtze River is a important habitat of snail that is Schistosomiasis＇s only intermediate host. program of afforesting for wiping out snail（Oncomelania hupensisi） and Schistosomiasis, comprehensive administration and exploitation of the three kinds of beaches proposed by Peng Zhenhna and Jiang Zehui is a pioneering.work hased on the ecological and economic theory. The development process of forestry for snail control and Schistosomiasis prevention is reviewed, and mechanisms and major afforesting techniques are summarized in this paper.