不同年龄段非小细胞肺癌的外科临床特点及预后

背景与目的随着社会工业化的不断发展和社会人口老龄化，肺癌的发病年龄也出现了年轻化和老龄化的趋势，因此对不同年龄肺癌病人的治疗方式也应有所不同。近年来，对于青年肺癌和老年肺癌都有了分别的报道。但同时对比分析老、中、青肺癌三个年龄段肺癌的临床特点很少报道。作者结合本院的临床资料对非小细胞肺癌手术后不同年龄段的病人的临床特点及预后进行评价及分析。方法回顾性分析自1996年1月至2003年1月，我院胸外科手术治疗非小细胞肺癌1380例病人资料，对不同年龄的病人分为三组，第一组（G1）（年龄40岁以下，包括40岁），第二组（G2）（年龄在41～69岁）。第三组（G3）（年龄为70岁以上，包括70岁），对各组的临床特点及预后进行分析。结果全组平均年龄58．16～0．26。其中G1组的平均年龄为35．76±0．57（年龄范围为12～40），G2组58．00±0．22（年龄范围41～69），G3组72．30±0．21（年龄范围70～80）。女性在各组所占比例G1组与G3组有明显差异（P=0．024）。老年组病人伴有其他系统疾病的比例明显高于其他两组（P=0．000）。腺癌各组所占的比例分别为43．28％（29／67）、29．49％（351／1190）和26．83％（33／123）（P=0．036）。肺叶和全肺切除是各组的主要手术方式，分别占各组的58．21％、65．29％、78．86％（P=0．004）和34．33％、26．22％、12．19％（P=0．001）。术后病理分期Ⅲ期肺癌（Ⅲa期和Ⅲb期）在各组所占比例分别为43．28％（29／67）、38．57％（462／1190）和26．02％（32／123），青年组高于其他组，（P=0．015）。备组接受术后化疗的比例分别为55．22％（37／67），47．48％（565／1190）和29．27％（36／123）（P=0．000）。全组5年生存率为38．96％。G1组（G1）29．99％，G2组（G2）39．61％，G3组（G3）37．99％（P=0．494）。结论青年肺癌和老年肺癌发病逐年增多，青年非小细胞肺癌的特点主要为女性多见，肺腺癌所占比例较大，且分期较晚，接受辅助化疗的比例大。而老年肺癌则肺鳞癌所占比例大，伴有其他系统疾病多见，术后出现并发症的机会大。但三组预后无明显差异。

浅谈下段直肠癌术后吻合口漏的防治

目的探讨大肠癌术后吻合口漏的原因及治疗方法。方法对我院近五年来收治的216例直肠癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果216例手术患者中共发生吻合口漏12例,发生率为5.6%。28例手术后行直肠内引流,均一期愈合。结论行肠腔内引流以降低肠腔内压是减少吻合口漏的一种方法。吻合口漏的处理是通畅引流,促进漏口自行愈合,手术是最后的治疗措施。

甲状旁腺腺瘤和腺癌的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨甲状旁腺腺瘤（PTS）和腺癌（PTC）诊断与外科治疗。方法回顾性分析我院自1985年3月至2007年3月收治的16例本病患者的临床病理资料。结果16例患者中，腺瘤15例，腺癌1例。血钙、血清甲状旁腺素（PTH）15例高于正常。B超定位的特异性为91．7％（11／12），^99mTc-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）的敏感性为100％（8／8）。全部病例均行病变腺体摘除，其中10例行单侧探查，5例行双侧探查，1例PTC行同侧甲状腺叶切除和同侧改良颈淋巴结清扫。术中发现下旁腺较上旁腺更易受累。全部患者临床症状在术后均得到缓解。13例获随访，随访时间3个月-22年，肿瘤无复发。结论慢性骨病和反复发作的泌尿系结石患者，应为PTA和PTC的疑诊对象，血钙、血清PTH检查是PTA和PTC可靠的定性诊断方法，B超和^99mTc—MIBI相结合可对本病获得准确的定位诊断。本病行手术治疗疗效是满意的。

食管癌肉瘤11例

目的 依据食管癌肉瘤的临床特点、病理特点 ,探讨其可能的组织学来源。方法 对 11例食管癌肉瘤病人的临床资料进行回顾性研究。结果 食管癌肉瘤多为息肉样或蕈伞样腔内生长 ,一般有蒂与食管壁相连 ,个别呈浸润性生长。光镜下肉瘤与癌两种成分共存 ,瘤体多以肉瘤成分为主 ,癌多局限于蒂的基底部 ,且多为早期鳞癌。 11例患者无 1例肿瘤外侵。淋巴转移率为 9.1% ,手术切除率 10 0 % ,术后 1、3、5年存活率分别为 90 .9%、80 %、5 0 %。结论 食管癌肉瘤是一种侵袭性差 ,淋巴转移率低 ,预后较佳的肿瘤。手术切除是其首选和主要治疗手段 。

术前新辅助化疗对小细胞肺癌远期生存的影响

目的揭示术前新辅助化疗对小细胞肺癌（SCLC）长期生存的影响对外科临床十分重要。方法总结1994年1月。2005年1月手术切除263例SCLC的综合治疗效果。分析比较术前新辅助化疗组（A组，n=111例）和术后化疗组（B组，n=96例）的治疗效果。结果A组5年生存率38．25％，B组5年生存46．57％。A组5年生存率Ⅰ期60．15％、Ⅱ期35．70％、Ⅲa期40．16％、Ⅲb期14．29％、Ⅳ期0，5年生存率N0-1和N2组为40，12％和39．22％。B组5年生存率Ⅰ期61．10％、Ⅱ期50．23％、Ⅲa期42．32％、Ⅲb期26．47％、1V期0，5年生存率N0-1和N2组为51．91％和42．69％。结论新辅助化疗病例与术后化疗病例相比预后差：SCLC要取得较好的治疗效果，术后化疗模式不可缺少。

乳癌根治术后近期并发症预防

目的 通过改进乳癌手术操作及引流方法 ,减少术后并发症。方法 对 12 1例乳癌根治术采用小切口、大刀削切游离皮瓣、双管负压引流、并与传统手术方法相比较。结果 采用改进措施后 12 1例中仅 5例出现皮下积液 ,3例出现皮瓣坏死 ,明显少于传统手术。结论 乳癌根治术应用小切口、大刀削切游离皮瓣 。

26例残胃癌围手术期护理

残胃癌指胃或十二指肠因良性病变施行胃部分切除及胃空肠吻合术后至少5年以上残胃所发生的原发癌^[1]，再次行残胃癌根治性切除术是其首选的治疗方法，但残胃癌患者有其自身的特点，如多为中老年人、常合并内科基础性疾病、存在不同程度的营养不良、二次手术带来的不良心理反应、手术创伤较大等，因此存在围手术期护理难度大等问题。该院2005年1月-2010年1月共收治的26例残胃癌患者，通过手术治疗与精心护理，术后恢复顺利，获得满意疗效，报告如下。

Current surgical treatment for bile duct cancer

Since extrahepatic bile duct cancer is difficult to diagnose and to cure, a safe and radical surgical strategy is needed. In this review, the modes of infiltration and spread of extrahepatic bile duct cancer and surgical strategy are discussed. Extended hemihepatectomy, with or without pancreatoduodenectomy （PD）, plus extrahepatic bile duct resection and regional lyrnphadenectomy has recently been recognized as the standard curative treatment for hilar bile duct cancer. On the other hand, PD is the choice of treatment for middle and distal bile duct cancer. Major hepatectomy concomitant with PD （hepatopancreatoduodenectomy） has been applied to selected patients with widespread tumors. Preoperative biliary drainage （BD） followed by portal vein embolization （PVE） enables major hepatectomy in patients with hilar bile duct cancer without mortality. BD should be performed considering the surgical procedure, especially, in patients with separated intrahepatic bile ducts caused by hilar bile duct cancer. Right or left trisectoriectomy are indicated according to the tumor spread and biliary anatomy. As a result, extended radical resection offers a chance for cure of hilar bile duct cancer with improved resectability, curability, and a 5-year survival rate of 40%. A 5-year survival rate has ranged from 24% to 39% after PD for middle and distal bile duct cancer.

Current status and future strategies of cytoreductive surgery plus intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis

This article is to offer a concise review on the use of cytoreductive surgery （CRS） plus intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy （IPHC） for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis （PC）. Traditionally, PC was treated with systemic chemotherapy alone with very poor response and a median survival of less than 6 too. With the establishment of several phase Ⅱ studies, a new trend has been developed toward the use of CRS plus IPHC as a standard method for treating selected patients with PC, in whom sufficient cytoreduction could be achieved. In spite of the need for more high quality phase Ⅲ studies, there is now a consensus among many surgical oncology experts throughout the world about the use of this new treatment strategy as standard care for colorectal cancer patients with PC. This review summarizes the current status and possible progress in future.

Endorectal ultrasonography versus phased-array magnetic resonance imaging for preoperative staging of rectal cancer

AIM: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of pelvic phased-array magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endorectal ultrasonography (ERUS) in the preoperative staging of rectal carcinoma. METHODS: Thirty-four patients (15 males, 19 females) with ages ranging between 29 and 75 who have biopsy proven rectal tumor underwent both MRI and ERUS examinations before surgery. All patients were evaluated to determine the diagnostic accuracy of depth of transmural tumor invasion and lymph node metastases. Imaging results were correlated with histopathological findings regarded as the gold standard and both modalities were compared in terms of predicting preoperative local staging of rectal carcinoma. RESULTS: The pathological T stage of the tumors was: pT1 in 1 patient, pT2 in 9 patients, pT3 in 21 patients and pT4 in 3 patients. The pathological N stage of the tumors was: pN0 in 19 patients, pN1 in 9 patients and pN2 in 6 patients. The accuracy of T staging for MRI was 89.70% (27 out of 34). The sensitivity was 79.41% and the specificity was 93.14%. The accuracy of T staging for ERUS was 85.29% (24 out of 34). The sensitivity was 70.59% and the specificity was 90.20%. Detection of lymph node metastases usingphased-array MRI gave an accuracy of 74.50% (21 out of 34). The sensitivity and specificity was found to be 61.76% and 80.88%, respectively. By using ERUS in the detection of lymph node metastases, an accuracy of 76.47% (18 out of 34) was obtained. The sensitivity and specificity were found to be 52.94% and 84.31%, respectively. CONCLUSION: ERUS and phased-array MRI are complementary methods in the accurate preoperative staging of rectal cancer. In conclusion, we can state that phased-array MRI was observed to be slightly superior in determining the depth of transmural invasion (T stage) and has same value in detecting lymph node metastases (N stage) as compared to ERUS.

Surgical treatment for rectal cancer:An international perspective on what the medical gastroenterologist needs to know

Rectal cancer accounts for one third of all colorectal cancers.The age adjusted death rates from colorectal cancer have declined over recent decades due to a combination of colorectal cancer screening,improved diagnostic tests,improved standardized surgical technique,improved medical support,neoadjuvant chemotherapies and radiation treatment or combinations of these.Because of complex treatment algorithms,use of multidisciplinary teams in the management of rectal cancer patients has also been popularized.Medical gastroenterologists performing colonoscopies are frequently the first health care provider to raise the suspicion of a rectal cancer.Although the diagnosis depends on histological confirmation,the endoscopic presentation is almost diagnostic in many cases.In order to meet the patient's immediate needs for information,it is important that the endoscopist has knowledge about the investigations and treatment options that will be required for their patient.The aim of this paper is to describe the modern preoperative investigations and operative procedures commonly offered to rectal cancer patients taking into account perspectives of three colorectal surgeons,practicing in the USA,Europe and Asia.

Is prophylactic placement of drains necessary after subtotal gastrectomy?

AIM： To determine the evidence-based values of prophylactic drainage in gastric cancer surgery. METHODS： One hundred and eight patients, who underwent subtotal gastrectomy with D1 or D2 lymph node dissection for gastric cancer between January 2001 and December 2005, were divided into drain group or no-drain group. Surgical outcome and post-operative complications within four weeks were compared between the two groups. RESULTS： No significant differences were observed between the drain group and no-drain group in terms of operating time （171 ± 42 rain vs 156 ± 39 rain）, number of post-operative days until passage of flatus （3.7 ± 0.5 d vs 3.5 ± 1.0 d）, number of post-operative days until initiation of soft diet （4.9±0.7 d vs 4.8±0.8 d）, length of post-operative hospital stay （9.3±2.2 d vs 8.4±2.4 d）, mortality rate （5.4% vs 3.8%）, and overall postoperative complication rate （21.4% vs 19.2%）. CONCLUSION： Prophylactic drainage placement is not necessary afer subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer since it does not offer additional benefits for the patients.

Therapeutic options for intermediate-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies, ranking the sixth in the world, with 55% of cases occurring in China. Usually, patients with HCC did not present until the late stage of the disease, thus limiting their therapeutic options. Although surgical resection is a potentially curative modality for HCC, most patients with intermediate-advanced HCC are not suitable candidates. The current therapeutic modalities for intermediate-advanced HCC include: (1) surgical procedures, such as radical resection, palliative resection, intraoperative radiofrequency ablation or cryosurgical ablation, intraoperative hepatic artery and portal vein chemotherapeutic pump placement, two-stage hepatectomy and liver transplantation; (2) interventional treatment, such as transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, portal vein embolization and image-guided locoregional therapies; and (3) molecularly targeted therapies. So far, how to choose the therapeutic modalities remains controversial. Surgeons are faced with the challenge of providing the most appropriate treatment for patients with intermediate-advanced HCC. This review focuses on the optional therapeutic modalities for intermediateadvanced HCC.

Preoperative therapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer is an aggressive malignancy associated with dismal treatment outcomes. Presence of two distinct histopathological types distinguishes it from other gastrointestinal tract malignancies. Surgery is the cornerstone of treatment in locally advanced esophageal cancer(T2 or greater or node positive); however, a high rate of disease recurrence(systemic and loco-regional) and poor survival justifies a continued search for optimal therapy. Various combinations of multimodality treatment(preoperative/perioperative, or postoperative; radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy) are being explored to lower disease recurrence and improve survival. Preoperative therapy followed by surgery is presently considered the standard of care in resectable locally advanced esophageal cancer as postoperative treatment may not be feasible for all the patients due to the morbidity of esophagectomy and prolonged recovery time limiting the tolerance of patient. There are wide variations in the preoperative therapy practiced across the centres depending upon the institutional practices, availability of facilities and personal experiences. There is paucity of literature to standardize the preoperative therapy. Broadly, chemoradiotherapy is the preferred neo-adjuvant modality in western countries whereas chemotherapy alone is considered optimal in the far East. The present review highlights the significant studies to assist in opting for the best evidence based preoperative therapy(radiotherapy, chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) for locally advanced esophageal cancer.

Surgical Treatment of Carcinoma of Esophagus and Gastric Cardia—A 34—year Investigation

Objective To understand the progress in surgical treatment of 12 970 patients with carcinoma of esophagus and gastric cardiac during 1965-1998.Methods The patients were divided into A, B and C groups: 3 155 patients (group A) were treated surgically in the first 14 years, 5952 patients (group B) in the next 10 years, and 3 863 patients (group C) in the last 10 years. The early stage lesions (Tis, Tl) were assigned as a separate group. The results of these groups were compared.Results The resectability for esophageal and gastric cardiac carcinoma was 94.0% and 84.4% respectively, and the overall resectability was 91.3% . The resectabih'ty for groups A, B, C and the early stage group was 82.1% , 85.1% , 90.2% and 100% , respectively. The overall operative mortality was 1.8%, it was 4.4% for group A, 1.6% for group B, and 0.5% for group C. The overall 5-year survival was 31.6% . The 5-year survival for groups A, B, C and the early stage group was 27.0% , 29.1%, 32.0% and 92.6%, respectively . Among the 3 temporal groups, differences were observed in terms of lesion stage, location and size, surgery with or without combined therapy and postoperative complications.Conclusion Best results were achieved in the early cases, with a resectability of 100% and a 5-year survival of 92.6% . The indications for surgical treatment were extended with increased resectability and decreased mortality. Subtotal esophagectomy combined with cervical esophagogastrostomy was advocated as the procedure of first choice for esophageal carcinoma in attempt to diminish the chance of recurrence, and to achieve better outcomes by using combined therapy for patients with e" stage b! lesion.

Predicting tumor response after preoperative chemoradiation using clinical parameters in rectal cancer

AIM: To evaluate the clinical parameters and identify a better method of predicting pathological complete response (pCR). METHODS: We enrolled 249 patients from a database of 544 consecutive rectal cancer patients who underwent surgical resection after preoperative chemoradiation therapy (PCRT). A retrospective review of morphological characteristics was then performed to collect data regarding rectal examination findings. A scoring model to predict pCR was then created. To validate the ability of the scoring model to predict complete regression.RESULTS: Seventy patients (12.9%) achieved a pCR. A multivariate analysis found that pre-CRT movability (P = 0.024), post-CRT size (P = 0.018), post-CRT morphology (P = 0.023), and gross change (P = 0.009) were independent predictors of pCR. The accuracy of the scoring model was 76.8% for predicting pCR with the threshold set at 4.5. In the validation set, the accuracy was 86.7%. CONCLUSION: Gross changes and morphological findings are important predictors of pathological response. Accordingly, PCRT response is best predicted by a combination of clinical, laboratory and metabolic information.

Impact of preoperative chemoradiotherapy on survival in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer

AIM:To explore whether preoperative chemoradiation therapy improves survival of patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing resectional surgery. METHODS:Forty-seven patients with a malignant pancreatic tumor localized in the head or uncinate process of the pancreas underwent radical pancreaticoduodenectomy. Twenty-two received chemoradiation therapy (gemcitabine and radiation dose 50.4 Gy) before surgery (CRR) and 25 patients underwent surgery only (RO). The study was non-randomised. Patients were identified from a prospective database. RESULTS:The median survival time was 30.2 mo in the CRR group and 35.9 mo in the RO group. No statistically significant differences were found in subclasses according to lymph node involvement,TNM stages,tumor size,or perineural invasion. The one,three and five year survival rates were 81%,33% and 33%,respectively,in the CRR group and 72%,47% and 23%,respectively,in the RO group. In ductal adenocarcinoma,the median survival time was 27 mo in the CRR group and 20 mo in the RO group. No statistically significant differences were found in the above subclasses. The one,three and five year survival rates were 79%,21% and 21%,respectively,in the CRR group and 64%,50% and 14%,respectively,in the RO group. The overall hospital mortality rate was 2%. The morbidity rate was 45% in the CRR group and 32% (NS) in the RO group. CONCLUSION:Major multicenter randomized studies are needed to conclusively assess the impact of neoadjuvant treatment in the management of pancreatic cancer.

Surgical outcome of adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas

Adenosquamous carcinoma is rare,accounting for 3%-4% of all pancreatic carcinoma cases. These tumors are characterized by the presence of variable proportions of mucin-producing glandular elements and squamous components,the latter of which should account for at least 30% of the tumor tissue. Recently,several reports have described cases of adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas. However,as the number of patients who undergo resection at a single institute is limited,large studies describing the clinicopathological features,therapeutic management,and surgical outcome for adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas are lacking. We performed a literature review of English articles retrieved from Medline using the keywords 'pancreas' and 'adenosquamous carcinoma'. Additional articles were obtained from references within the papers identif ied by the Medline search. Our subsequent review of the literature revealed that optimal adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy regimens for adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas have not been established,and that curative surgical resection offers the only chance for long-term survival. Unfortunately,the prognosis of the 39 patients who underwent pancreatic resection for adenosquamous carcinoma was very poor,with a 3-year overall survival rate of 14.0% and a median survival time of 6.8 mo. Since the postoperative prognosis of adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas is currently worse than that of pancreatic adenocarcinoma,new adjuvant chemotherapies and/or radiation techniques should be investigated as they may prove indispensible to the improvement of surgical outcomes.

Neck dissection for recurrent and persistent lymph nodes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy： effect and choice

Objective： To investigate the best surgical mode for the patients of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with recurrent and persistent lymph nodes after radiotherapy. Methods： The clinical data of 88 patients of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with recurrent and persistent lymph nodes after radiotherapy were analyzed retrospectively. The levels of involved lymph nodes and the relationship among the levels were analyzed; the survival rate and recurrent rate of the surgical modes including radical neck dissection （RND）, modified radical neck dissection （MRND）, selective neck dissection （SND）, and lymph node resection （LNR） were analyzed; the role of postoperative radiotherapy was evaluated. Results： （1） The recurrent and persistent lymph nodes mainly located in level Ⅱ（55.6% and 58.6%, respectively）, next was level Ⅲ and rarely in level Ⅳ, Ⅴ, and Ⅰ, but the number of levels Ⅳ Ⅴ, and Ⅰ with cancer-bearing lymph nodes was relatively more than that of clinical measurement. （2） Patients with lymph nodes involved in level Ⅲ and Ⅳ, usually, have other levels involved simultaneously; the percentages were 63.6% and 88.9%, respectively. However, the lymph nodes in level Ⅱ and Ⅴ were mainly isolated. （3） The 5-year survival rate and recurrent rate of the whole group were 42.77% and 22.7%, respectively. （4） The 5-year survival rates of RND, MRND, SND, and LMR groups were 39.75%, 60.00%, 37.87%, and 44.10%, respectively; the differences were insignificant （Log-rank = 1.0, P = 0.8011）; the recurrent rate between the extensive and local surgery groups were insignificant （X^2 = 0.470, P = 0.493）. （5） The 5-year survival rates of the patients with and without postoperative radiotherapy were 39.06% and 45.26%, respectively; the difference was insignificant （Log-rank = 0.06, P = 0.8138）. Conclusion： The extensive surgery was recommended when the recurrent and persistent lymph nodes were more than one level involved or very large or immovable, otherwise, the SND should be performed and postoperative radiotherapy was important compensation if necessary.

Dose surgical sub-specialization influence survival in patients with colorectal cancer?

AIM:To perform a review of patients with colorectal cancer to a community hospital and to compare the risk-adjusted survival between patients managed in general surgical units versus a colorectal unit. METHODS:The study evaluated all patients with colorectal cancer referred to either general surgical units or a colorectal unit from 1/1996 to 6/2001.These results were compared to a historical control group treated within general surgical units at the same hospital from 1/1989 to 12/1994.A Kaplan- Meier survival analysis compared the overall survivals (all- cause mortality) between the groups.A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the influence of a number of independent variables on survival.These variables included age,ASA score,disease stage,emergency surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy,disease location,and surgical unit. RESULTS:There were 974 patients involved in this study. There were no significant differences in the demographic details for thethree groups.Patients in the colorectal group were more likely to have rectal cancer and Stage Ⅰ cancers, and less likely to have Stage Ⅱ cancers.Patients treated in the colorectal group had a significantly higher overall 5-year survival when compared with the general surgical group and the historical control group (56 % versus 45 % and 40 % respectively,P<0.01).Survival regression analysis identified age,ASA score,disease stage,adjuvant chemotherapy,and treatment in a colorectal unit (Hazards ratio:0.67;95 % CI:0.53 to 0.84,P =0.0005),as significant independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSION:The results suggest that there may be a survival advantage for patients with colon and rectal cancers being treated within a specialist colorectal surgical unit.