高丘苗族牯脏节及其来历

剑河高丘苗族“吃牯脏”,是五年两头吃,即五年当中吃两回。高丘,包括小高丘、麻力山、圭桃、圭怒、新怀、合平、张沟、白坦等寨子。其吃牯脏的组织形式:由小高丘姜、刘两姓房族中任何两家轮流永远固定当“牯脏尾”;大高丘的姜、王、杨等三姓各选出一人,再经过三人拈阄,拈中的充当“大牯脏头”,未拈中的两姓则充当“小牯脏头”。此外,还要从麻力山、圭桃、圭怒、新怀、合平、张沟、白坦等寨子中,按房族之分,再选出八个“小牯脏头”,共计十二个,代表十二个房族。这十二个人的推选条件是:年龄在五十岁以下的已婚男子,婚后生育有儿女,妻子健在。倘是中途死妻,休妻另娶,死过儿或女者,不能作为“牯脏头”的人选。“牯脏头”,五年选一次。高丘的姜、王、杨三姓产生大牯脏头后,当选的那一姓的房族便给“大牯脏头”立两间房子。房子立好装好后,新的“大、小牯脏头”就去“偷鼓”。

运动鞋看台

具印刷文字与图案效果的新品种皮革，配合独特的搭扣或椽筋式闭合结构设计，穿脱方便造型新颖。

Relationship between Epstein-Barr virus-encoded proteins with cell proliferation,apoptosis,and apoptosis-related proteins in gastric carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the interrelationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded proteins and cell proliferation, apoptosis and apoptosis-related proteins in gastric carcinoma, and to explore their role in gastric carcinogenesis. METHODS: Tissues from 13 cases of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) and 45 cases of matched EBV-negative gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC) were collected, and then subjected to analysis for apoptotic index (AI) using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. Nuclear cell proliferation-associated antigen ki-67 index (KI), bcl-2, and p53 expression were examined by immunohistochemistry.p53 mutation in exons 5-8 of 13 EBVaGC cases was determined by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequencing.RT-PCR and Southern hybridization were used to detect the expression of nuclear antigens (EBNAs) 1 and 2, latent membrane protein (IMP) 1, immediately early gene BZLF1 and early genes BARF1 and BHRF1 in 13 EBVaGC cases. RESULTS: The percentage of AI, KI and p53 overexpression was significantly lower in the EBVaGC group than in the EBVnGC group. However, bcl-2 expression did not show significant difference between the two groups. p53 gene mutations were not found in 13 EBVaGCs. Transcripts of EBNA1 were detected in all 13 EBVaGCs, while both EBNA2 and LMP1 mRNA were not detected. Six of the thirteen cases exhibited BZLF1 transcripts and two exhibited BHRF1 transcripts. BARF1 mRNA was detected in six cases. CONCLUSION: Lower AI and KI may reflect a low biological activity in EBVaGC. EBV infection is associated with p53 abnormal expression but not bcl-2 protein in EBVaGC. BZLF1,BARF1,and BHRF1 may play important roles in inhibiting cell apoptosis and tumorigenesis of EBVaGC through different pathways.

Correlation of Epstein-Barr virus and its encoded proteins with Helicobacter pylori and expression of c-met and c-myc in gastric carcinoma

AIM： To investigate the interrelationship of Epstein-Barr virus （EBV） and EBV- encoded proteins with Helicobacter pylori （H pylor/~ infection and the expression of c-met and c-myc oncogene proteins in gastric carcinoma, and to explore their role in gastric carcinogenesis. METHODS： One hundred and eighty-five gastric carcinoma tissues were detected by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）-Southern blot for EBV genome and in situ hybridization （ISH） for EBV-encoded small RNA 1 （EBER1）. Gastric carcinoma with positive EBER1 signals was confirmed EBV-associated gastric carcinoma （EBVaGC）. The status of Hpylori infection in 185 gastric carcinomas was assessed by rapid urease test and PCR. The samples with positive PCR and urease test were defined as H pylorl infection. The expression of c-met and c-myc oncogene proteins in tissues of EBVaGC and matched EBV-negative gastric carcinoma （EBVnGC） were examined by immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR and Southern hybridization were used to detect the expression of nuclear antigens （EBNAs） 1 and 2, latent membrane protein （LMP） 1, early genes BARF1 and BHRF1 in EBVaGC cases. RESULTS： The positive rate of H pylori and EBV in 185 gastric carcinomas was 59.45% （110/185） and 7.03% （13/185） respectively. No difference was found in sex, age, pathological differentiation, clinical stages and lymph node metastasis between H pylori-positive and H pylori-negative gastric carcinomas. However, the positive rate of H pylori infection in the antrum gastric carcinomas was higher than that of cardia and body gastric carcinomas. In our series, age, pathological differentiation, clinical stages, lymph node metastasis and location of cancer were not different between EBVnGC and EBVaGC, while the positive rate of EBV in male patients was significantly higher than that of female patients. The positivity of Hpylori in EBV-associated and EBV-negative gastric carcinomas was 46.15% （6/13） and 81.40%（104/172） respectively. There was no significant correlation between EBV and H pylori infection. The c-met overexpression was significantly higher in the EBVaGC group than in the EBVnGC group. However, c-met and c-myc expression did not show significant difference between the two groups. Transcripts of EBNA1 were detected in all 13 EBVaGCs, while both EBNA2 and LMP1 mRNA were not detected. Six of the 13 cases exhibited BARF1 transcripts and 2 exhibited BHRF1 transcripts. CONCLUSION： The positivity of H pylori in EBVnGCs is higher than that of EBVaGCs, but no significant correlation is found between EBV infection and H pylori infection. H pylori-positive gastric carcinoma is predominant in antrum location, while EBVaGC has a tendency of predominance in cardia/body location. EBV infection is associated with c-met abnormal expression but not with c-myc protein in EBVaGC. c-met overexpression is not induced by LMP1. BARF1 and BHRF1 may play important roles in the tumorigenesis of EBVaGC through different pathways.

Regulation of Survivin and CDK4 by Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent mem-brane protein 1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines

Latent membrane protein 1 （LMP1）, an important protein encoded by Epstein Barr virus （EBV）, has been implied to link with the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma （NPC）. Its dual effects of increasing cell proliferation and inhibiting cell apoptosis have been confirmed. In this study, we showed that the expression of Survivin and CDK4 protein in CNE-LMP1, a LMP1 positive NPC epithelial cell line, is higher than in LMP1 negative NPC epithelial cell line- CNE1, and the expression is LMP1 dosage-dependent. Although it was reported that Survivin specifically expressed in cell cycle G2/M phase, our studies suggested that LMP1 could promote the expression of Survivin in G0/G1, S and G2/ M phase. It also showed that Survivin and CDK4 could be accumulated more in the nuclei triggered by LMP1. More interestingly, Survivin and CDK4 could form a protein complex in the nuclei of CNE-LMP1 rather than in that of CNE1, which demonstrated that the interaction between these two proteins could be promoted by LMPI. These results strongly suggested that the role of LMP1 in the regulation of Survivin and CDK4 may also shed some light on the mechanism research of LMP1 in NPC.

Selection for growth performance of tank-reared Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Seven growth-related traits were measured to assess the selection response and genetic parameters of the growth of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, which had been domesticated in tanks for more than four generations. Phenotypic and genetic parameters were evaluated and fitted to an animal model. Realized response was measured from the difference between the mean growth rates of selected and control families. Realized heritability was determined from the ratio of the selection responses and selection differentials. The animal model heritability estimate over generations was 0.44±0.09 for body weight (BW), and ranged from 0.21±0.08 to 0.37±0.06 for size traits. Genetic correlations of phenotypic traits were more variable (0.51-0.97), although correlations among various traits were high (>0.83). Across generations, BW and size traits increased, while selection response and heritability gradually decreased. Selection responses were 12.28%-23.35% for harvest weight and 3.58%-13.53% for size traits. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.34±0.09 to 0.48±0.15 for harvest weight and 0.17±0.01-0.38±0.11 for size traits. All phenotypic and genetic parameters differed between various treatments. To conclude, the results demonstrated a potential for mass selection of growth traits in L. vannamei. A breeding scheme could use this information to integrate the effectiveness constituent traits into an index to achieve genetic progress.

The Effect of Farm Location on Physiological Conditions and Productivity of Friesian-Holstein Crossbreed Cows

Farm location is an important factor in dairy farms, as it is closely associated with temperature and humidity that are crucial factors of influencing the physiological conditions and productivity of cows especially during the lactation period. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of farm location on the physiological conditions and productivity of cows. The study was involved in 18 lactating Friesian-Holstein crossbreed cows in three farmer groups, i.e., Nangkasawit, Plalangan and Sumurejo. Temperature and humidity of the environment, rainfall and physiological conditions of cows （respiration rate, pulse, rectal temperature, total erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit） were observed. No influence （P 〉 0.05） of farm location on the parameters was observed, except for milk production （P 〈 0.05）. In conclusion, farm location had no impact on the physiological conditions of Friesian-Holstein crossbreed cows in the district Gunungpati Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.

Study on the Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Clone Specific for the Nucleocapsid Protein of Hantaan Virus from Peripheral Blood in Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

In order to elucidate the molecular and immunological mechanisms as well as the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), the CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) clone was established directly from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with HFRS. The activities of CTL were detected as usual with EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (BLCL) as target cells. The results showed that the CTL clone could recognized and killed the target cells with specificity of nucleocapsid protein of Hantaan virus (HTNVNP) with the cytotoxicity percentages of 50.2%, 25.4% and 39.0% respectively. These results demonstrated that the antigenic epitopes of HTNVNP mainly located on the C-terminal of the viral nucleocapsid protein.

Expression of Hantaan virus 26 kD fragment of nucleocapsid protein in insect cells and prelimimary study on its immunogenicity

Objective: To express the 26 kD fragment of Hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein that contains the major antigenic epitopes in insect cells, and make a preliminary analysis of its immunological characteristics. Methods: The recombinant baculovirus bac-S0.7 with the 700 bp fragment of S gene 5' terminal of Hantaan virus was constructed, and the antigenicity of the expression product was tested. Mice were injected with Sf9 cells infected by the recombinant baculovirus. The humoral and cellular immunological effects were identified by indirect immunofluorescence assay, micro-cell culture neutralization test and T lymphocytes stimulation test. Results: Immunized by bac-S0.7 infecting insect cells, specific antibody with the highest titer of 1∶1 600 was observed. The stimulation indexes of splenocytes of immunized mice to nucleocapsid protein of Hantaan virus was higher than the negative control. Conclusion: The expression product of S0.7 gene fragment in insect cells is immunogenic.

TP53 Arg72Pro and CCND1 A870G Polymorphisms and Esophageal Cancer Risk

The authors examined 184 residents from Kazakhstan to reveal an association of the CCND1 gene A870G and TP53 gene Arg72Pro polymorphisms with esophageal cancer risk. 86 of them were control group and 98 were patients with esophageal cancer. DNA samples were genotyped by direct sequencing method and TaqMan allelic discrimination method. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad InStatTM Software and ＂Case-Control Study Estimating Calculator＂ from TAPOTILI company. A significant association was revealed between CCND1 homozygous genotype （A870A, OR=2.654） and TP53 heterozygous （Arg72Pro, OR= 1.417） and homozygous （Pro72 Pro, OR=2.860） genotypes increased risk of esophageal cancer.

In Vivo Kinetics and Biodistribution of a Hantaan Virus DNA Vaccine after Intramuscular Injection in Mice

To study the kinetics in vivo of a Hantaan virus DNA vaccine, we constructed a fusion DNA vaccine, pEGFP/S, by cloning the S segment of Hantavirus into the vector, pEGFP-C1, which encodes Green fluorescent protein EGFP. In this report, we provide evidence that pEGFP/S was distributed and persistently expressed for more than 60 days in several organs after inoculation. Our findings suggest that the persistent immune responses induced by a Hantaan virus DNA vaccine are likely due to the plasmid pEGFP/S deposited in vivo, which acts as a booster immunization.

Hormonal （Thyroxin, Cortisol） and Immunological （Leucocytes） Responses to Cistern Size and Heat Stress in Tunisia

This study was designed to determine the effects of heat stress on plasma leucocytes, Thyroxin （T4） and cortisol concentrations in dairy cows with small and large cistern under hot climate. This experiment was carried out in 2006, in North Tunisia, using a randomized block design per udder cistern size, using 60 Holstein cows. Cows were classified according to udder cistern size by ultrasonography as large-cisterned （44 ±13 cm2; LC） and small-cisterned （21 ± 8 cm2; SC）. The experiment was carried out in two different periods： spring （Apr. 5 （D1）） and summer （July 19 （D2）, Aug. 19 （D3） and Sept. 19 （D4））. On each test day, temperature and relative humidity data were registered hourly and cows＇ blood was sampled from the jugular vein to determine serum concentrates of cortisol and T4. Leucocytes （lyrnphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and monocytes） were counted differentially, and percentages of lymphocytes relative to total counted cells were calculated. Mean temperature-humidity index （THI） values were 62 ±2, 79 ±2, 84 ±2, and 77 ±1 in DI, D2, D3, and D4, respectively. Lymphocyte incidence relative to total cell counts and T4 concentrations were affected by test day （P 〈 0.001）. Lymphocytes （%） were significantly less in hotter months. During summer, T4 concentration at D2 （87.4 nmol/L） was higher relative to concentrations at D3 （42.8 nmol/L） and D4 （53.5 nmol/L）. T4 concentrations were higher （P 〈 0.01） in SC cows （67.7 ±0.1 nmol/L） compared to LC cows （52.7 ±0.1 nmol/L）. Cortisol concentration was effected neither by test day nor by cistern size. However, the decrease of lymphocyte concentration during summer compared to spring could be considered as an evidence of the suppression of cows＇ immune system under heat stress.

中式元素巧运用 简易装饰也精彩

我这套全装修房是打算布置出租给外国人士、考虑到后期可能会出现改动,所以家具布置比较简单。设计师牧言考虑到中式布置比较受外国人士的喜爱,所以无论是从色彩上还是从细节上都是运用了中国古典的元素,像中国红、中国字、中国曲艺画等,虽然是些简单的布置,但处处体现精致细心,到后来我自己都舍不得出租,打算自己来住呢。

Lead and Cadmium Contamination of Different Roadside Soils and Plants in Peshawar City, Pakistan

Soil and plant samples were collected from roadside sites (along with primary, secondary and tertiary roads) and reference site to investigate the contamination of soils and old common plant species with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in Peshawar City, Pakistan. All the data were analyzed using ANOVA analysis that showed a significant (P ≤ 0.01) variation in Pb and Cd concentrations in the roadside soils and plants as compared to the reference site. The mean concentrations of Pb and Cd were 53.9 and 6.0 mg kg-1 in soils and 49.1 and 10.9 mg kg-1 in plants, respectively. Significant variation (P ≤ 0.01) in concentrations of Pb and Cd in soil and plant samples along with primary, secondary and tertiary roads might be due to different traffic densities. The highest value (9.4) of metal accumulation index (MAI) was observed for Eucalyptus camaldulensis. In selected plant species, the Pb and Cd accumulation was found in the order of E. camaldulensis > Ficus elastica > Dalbergia sissoo > Alstonia scholaris. The roadside soils and plants were highly contaminated with Pb and Cd as compared to the reference site.