Daytime activity budgets of feral goats （ Capra hircus ） were studied in 1981, 1982 and 2000 on the Isle of Rum, northwest Scotland. This paper analyzes the influence of key weather variables （temperature and rainf...Daytime activity budgets of feral goats （ Capra hircus ） were studied in 1981, 1982 and 2000 on the Isle of Rum, northwest Scotland. This paper analyzes the influence of key weather variables （temperature and rainfall） and seasonal variations in daylength on daytime activity budgets. This study showed that the percentage of daytime spent in feeding by feral goats on Rum Island decreased with average monthly temperature, while the percentage of daytime spent in lying increased and rainfall had no significant effects on the percentage daytime spent in feeding or lying. The daylength varied greatly from January to December with the longest daylength being in June and July, and the shortest one in December and January. The amount of daytime spent feeding decreased from summer to winter, although the percentage of daytime spent feeding increased greatly from summer to winter. The seasonal variations in daylength seem to be an important factor in constraining feral goats＇ activity, especially in the cold and wet winters when forage biomass and quality are both at their lowest level. We discuss the influence of such constraining effects on the forage intake of these goats and their winter survival rate, as well as its implication for population regulation of these goats.展开更多
This study was conducted to determine primary metabolites （protein, fat and total carbohydrate） and energy in various parts of Oak fruit （cotyledon, pericarp and cupules） for each of Quercus aegilops Subsp. branti...This study was conducted to determine primary metabolites （protein, fat and total carbohydrate） and energy in various parts of Oak fruit （cotyledon, pericarp and cupules） for each of Quercus aegilops Subsp. brantii, Quercus infectoria and Quercus libani. Oak fruits were collected during October in 2008 from three different native species of Quercus spp. in Khamza Mountain oak forest in Sulaimani city of Iraqi Kurdistan. The fruit samples were dried for moisture by oven and ash by Muffle Furnace. Samples were also analyzed for protein by Kjeldahl, fat by Soxhlet, total carbohydrate and energy by calculation （Atwater system）. This study revealed significant and high significant differences （P _〈 0.05 and P 〈 0.01） by using Duncan＇ s multiple range as a test of comparisons between means of studied species for various parts of oak fruits in content of energy and food compounds for each part of oak fruit. The energy content for cotyledon was 404.826-410.558 kcal/100g DM; pericarp, 397.618-406.850 kcal/100g DM and cupules, 387.100-391.109 kcal/100g DM; the maximum value for energy content was found in cotyledon of Q. infectoria. Protein content in cotyledon was 3.406-5.426% DM; pericarp, 2.542-2.609% DM and cupules, 1.272-2.066% DM, that cotyledon ofQ. aegilops Subsp. brantii contain highest amount of protein. Fat content in cotyledon was 3.375-3.942% DM; pericarp, 1.754-2.766% DM and cupules, 1.464-2.165% DM, maximum content of fat was found in cotyledon of Q. infectoria. Total Carbohydrate content in cotyledon was 88.491-90.364% DM; pericarp, 92.486-92.947% DM and cupules, 90.594-92.977% DM, the cupules of Q. infectoria contained highest content of total Carbohydrate.展开更多
Ulysses, the towering mythological figure and the hero of the world＇s most famous epic The Odyssey, put on the pretence of madness to shirk the Trojan War. This is not mentioned in Homer, but in Fabulae by Gaius Juli...Ulysses, the towering mythological figure and the hero of the world＇s most famous epic The Odyssey, put on the pretence of madness to shirk the Trojan War. This is not mentioned in Homer, but in Fabulae by Gaius Julius Hyginus. Similarly, Hamlet put on an ＂antic disposition＂ after the ghost exhorted him to kill King Claudius. In these two cases taken from mythology and literature, and pertaining to the Classical period and the Elizabethan age respectively, intelligent characters put on the pretence of madness, in their battle with society though they are in control of their senses. It is the aim of this paper to examine the dynamics of reason and non-reason when combined and brought so close to one another, that they could be easily confounded, in light of Derrida＇s reading of Descartes＇ formulations about reason. Since the two examined works pertain to the Classical and Elizabethan ages respectively, the paper will shed light on the historical background of madness in these periods to give a broader perspective of reason and madness in these works.展开更多
This study investigates the language strategies used by Shakespeare in The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark （1603）. Emphasis is given to the type of language or register Shakespeare provides his characters with ...This study investigates the language strategies used by Shakespeare in The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark （1603）. Emphasis is given to the type of language or register Shakespeare provides his characters with in order to give them genuine or assumed identities. The linguistic register of the three major characters of Claudius, the Ghost, and Hamlet is explored in light of the Elizabethan cultural context. This concern with these three characters stems from the basic assumption of the paper that the play is a struggle between Claudius and the Ghost over Hamlet. Claudius speaks the language of a monarch which is informed by the code of society; the Ghost, who used to speak such language of sovereignty while alive, speaks a language of the dead informed by a newly acquired experience not familiar to human beings. On the other hand, Hamlet＇s use of language is the most peculiar in the play. His register keeps changing according to his tragic growth and his readiness for action. The study indicates that the language functions Shakespeare utilizes in Hamlet are numerous. Language is used creatively for a variety of purposes in addition to communication. The playwright employs language as a shield for self-defense, a tool for defining and hiding identity and misleading and manipulating others, a means of search for reality, and a tool for punishment, among other functions. The study findings invite further research into Shakespeare＇s use of language in his plays. No detailed in-depth studies of Shakespearean language and its implications exist.展开更多
文摘Daytime activity budgets of feral goats （ Capra hircus ） were studied in 1981, 1982 and 2000 on the Isle of Rum, northwest Scotland. This paper analyzes the influence of key weather variables （temperature and rainfall） and seasonal variations in daylength on daytime activity budgets. This study showed that the percentage of daytime spent in feeding by feral goats on Rum Island decreased with average monthly temperature, while the percentage of daytime spent in lying increased and rainfall had no significant effects on the percentage daytime spent in feeding or lying. The daylength varied greatly from January to December with the longest daylength being in June and July, and the shortest one in December and January. The amount of daytime spent feeding decreased from summer to winter, although the percentage of daytime spent feeding increased greatly from summer to winter. The seasonal variations in daylength seem to be an important factor in constraining feral goats＇ activity, especially in the cold and wet winters when forage biomass and quality are both at their lowest level. We discuss the influence of such constraining effects on the forage intake of these goats and their winter survival rate, as well as its implication for population regulation of these goats.
文摘This study was conducted to determine primary metabolites （protein, fat and total carbohydrate） and energy in various parts of Oak fruit （cotyledon, pericarp and cupules） for each of Quercus aegilops Subsp. brantii, Quercus infectoria and Quercus libani. Oak fruits were collected during October in 2008 from three different native species of Quercus spp. in Khamza Mountain oak forest in Sulaimani city of Iraqi Kurdistan. The fruit samples were dried for moisture by oven and ash by Muffle Furnace. Samples were also analyzed for protein by Kjeldahl, fat by Soxhlet, total carbohydrate and energy by calculation （Atwater system）. This study revealed significant and high significant differences （P _〈 0.05 and P 〈 0.01） by using Duncan＇ s multiple range as a test of comparisons between means of studied species for various parts of oak fruits in content of energy and food compounds for each part of oak fruit. The energy content for cotyledon was 404.826-410.558 kcal/100g DM; pericarp, 397.618-406.850 kcal/100g DM and cupules, 387.100-391.109 kcal/100g DM; the maximum value for energy content was found in cotyledon of Q. infectoria. Protein content in cotyledon was 3.406-5.426% DM; pericarp, 2.542-2.609% DM and cupules, 1.272-2.066% DM, that cotyledon ofQ. aegilops Subsp. brantii contain highest amount of protein. Fat content in cotyledon was 3.375-3.942% DM; pericarp, 1.754-2.766% DM and cupules, 1.464-2.165% DM, maximum content of fat was found in cotyledon of Q. infectoria. Total Carbohydrate content in cotyledon was 88.491-90.364% DM; pericarp, 92.486-92.947% DM and cupules, 90.594-92.977% DM, the cupules of Q. infectoria contained highest content of total Carbohydrate.
文摘Ulysses, the towering mythological figure and the hero of the world＇s most famous epic The Odyssey, put on the pretence of madness to shirk the Trojan War. This is not mentioned in Homer, but in Fabulae by Gaius Julius Hyginus. Similarly, Hamlet put on an ＂antic disposition＂ after the ghost exhorted him to kill King Claudius. In these two cases taken from mythology and literature, and pertaining to the Classical period and the Elizabethan age respectively, intelligent characters put on the pretence of madness, in their battle with society though they are in control of their senses. It is the aim of this paper to examine the dynamics of reason and non-reason when combined and brought so close to one another, that they could be easily confounded, in light of Derrida＇s reading of Descartes＇ formulations about reason. Since the two examined works pertain to the Classical and Elizabethan ages respectively, the paper will shed light on the historical background of madness in these periods to give a broader perspective of reason and madness in these works.
文摘This study investigates the language strategies used by Shakespeare in The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark （1603）. Emphasis is given to the type of language or register Shakespeare provides his characters with in order to give them genuine or assumed identities. The linguistic register of the three major characters of Claudius, the Ghost, and Hamlet is explored in light of the Elizabethan cultural context. This concern with these three characters stems from the basic assumption of the paper that the play is a struggle between Claudius and the Ghost over Hamlet. Claudius speaks the language of a monarch which is informed by the code of society; the Ghost, who used to speak such language of sovereignty while alive, speaks a language of the dead informed by a newly acquired experience not familiar to human beings. On the other hand, Hamlet＇s use of language is the most peculiar in the play. His register keeps changing according to his tragic growth and his readiness for action. The study indicates that the language functions Shakespeare utilizes in Hamlet are numerous. Language is used creatively for a variety of purposes in addition to communication. The playwright employs language as a shield for self-defense, a tool for defining and hiding identity and misleading and manipulating others, a means of search for reality, and a tool for punishment, among other functions. The study findings invite further research into Shakespeare＇s use of language in his plays. No detailed in-depth studies of Shakespearean language and its implications exist.
