陕北绥德白家山汉画像石“交战图”刍议

绥德白家山汉画像石"交战图",构图精当,要素齐全,但由于战事双方的体貌特征及衣饰几无不同,不辨胡、汉,学界对其究竟是否真实的战争场面还是所谓操演性的"都试",以及战事性质等问题鲜有讨论描述。本文通过图像解析判断,白家山"交战图"描述了汉廷平定南匈奴叛乱的战争场面,是汉代北方边郡汉、匈关系即胡汉战争的写照。

山西省忻州市白家山磷矿地质特征及成因分析

山西省忻州市白家山磷矿是晋北地区已知的小型磷矿床,矿体呈大透镜体状,严格受地层控制,并且有向深部变厚变富的趋势。文章通过对矿床地质特征及其矿床成因进行分析,确定本矿床为一沉积浅变质型磷矿床。

A survey to the distribution of the Scaly-sided Merganser(Mergus squamatus)in Changbai Mountain range(China side)

In 2008 and 2009,we made continuous and repeated breeding surveys of the Scaly-sided Merganser(Mergus squamatus)in the Changbai Mountain range(China side),using a combination of rubber-boat drifting and walking.Each survey consisted of a census of breeding pairs in the spring and broods in the summer.A total of 1553 km in length of 17 river stretches were surveyed in four different river systems of the Yalujiang,Songhuajiang,Tumenjiang and Mudanjiang rivers.A total of 1354 individuals of the Scaly-sided Merganser were recorded during the both surveys.The breeding density for all the stretches surveyed over both years averaged 0.26 ± 0.30 pairs per km;the population density in the spring averaged 0.75 ± 0.88 individuals per km.According to our survey results,we estimated that the breeding population in the Changbai Mountain range was about 170 breeding pairs of the Scaly-sided Merganser.Three major breeding sites of this bird were found in the Changbai Mountain range in these surveys.

Plant Pb Contents in Elevation Zones of the Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve, China

Typical plants and soils of four elevation zones, mountain tundra （Zone A）, Betula ermanii forest （Zone B）, mountain dark coniferous forest （Zone C）, and mountain coniferous and broad-leaf forest （Zone D）, along the vertical gradient of the northern mountain slope of the Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve, Jilin Province, China, were sampled to study the relationship between plant and soil Pb, and to compare the Pb levels in typical plant types within the same elevation zone. The Pb contents in the soil and plant samples were measured by using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the average plant Pb contents of the four plant elevation zones were lower than the average worldwide level, except for Zone B. Compared with the average level in China or the average worldwide level, the soil Pb levels of the four plant zones were higher, with Zones D and B having the lowest and highest averages, respectively. Plant Pb levels fluctuated from the upper to the lower zones, in a pattern of low-high-low-high, which was the same as that of the soils in the four zones. Furthermore, plant Pb was closely related to soil Pb. Depending on the plant species and plant parts, large differences were found in the Pb levels of typical plants within each zone. In Zone A, Vaccinium uliginosum and Rhododendron redowskianum had higher Pb levels than the other plants. In Zone C, the Pb levels in the branches of both plant species were higher than those in the leaves, which was contrary to Zone D. In Zone B, the Pb levels in the plant parts varied greatly with plant species.

Wildlife Crossing Zones along the Ring Changbai Mountain Scenic Highway, China

The 84-km long Changbai Mountain scenic Ring highway encircles and bisects the nature reserve. With the expected increasing traffic flow, increased wildlife vehicle collisions and barrier effects are likely. In order to identify wildlife crossing zones and future protective measurement, the authors carried out 10 wildlife highway crossing surveys during the winter in 2008-2009. For each 5-kin section, the authors recorded highway crossings of all small/mid-sized and large mammals and one large protected bird species, the hazel grouse （Bonasa bonasia） and noted snow depth and the dominant vegetation type. The authors detected 12 mammal species and one avifauna species crossing the highway 502 times. The smallest of mammal was the Eurasian red squirrel （Sciurus vulgaris）. Large mammals detected included the wild boar （Sus scrofe） （64） and brown bear （Ursus arctos） （1）. The average number of wildlife crossings per 5 km was 29.5. It was found that species richness and crossing frequency was higher in sections with broad leaf forest compared to sections with white birch secondary forest significantly. The authors suggested that disturbance of broad leaf forest be minimized during construction and strict protection be established for broad leaf forests around Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve.

A Potential Flood Hazard Caused by Tianchi Volcano Eruption in Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

Geohazards appear to be increasing in frequency globally. It is of necessity to actively manage these natural hazards to minimize loss of life and property. From an early warning perspective, this paper stresses the potential fatal flood hazard represented by the huge volume of water in Tianchi Lake, the unique geography of Changbai Mountain, and the limited flood control ability in the upstream of the Songhua River. Northeast Asian countries should keep a watchful eye on the Changbai volcano cooperatively, and Chinese government especially needs to prepare plans for fighting a flood in advance.