中国白盐面条色泽影响因素的研究

选用25个面粉色泽差别较大的小麦品种(系),研究了白盐面条的色泽及其稳定性的影响因素。结果表明,鲜白盐面条和干白盐面条的L*值(色泽亮度)与面粉R457白度、面粉L*值均呈显著或极显著正相关,与面粉b*值、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量及类胡萝卜素含量均呈显著或极显著负相关。煮后面条L*值与各面粉品质指标的相关性均未达显著水平。鲜、干和煮后白盐面条的色泽红度(a*值)均与面粉a*值呈显著和极显著正相关,干面条的a*值还与灰分含量和类胡萝卜素含量呈显著正相关。3种状态白盐面条的色泽黄度(b*值)均与面粉b*值呈极显著正相关,与面粉R457白度呈极显著负相关。干面条和煮后面条的b*值还与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面粉颗粒度及类胡萝卜素含量呈显著或极显著正相关。鲜白盐面条放置过程中色泽亮度的稳定性与面粉R457白度、面粉L*值呈显著正相关,与蛋白质含量和多酚氧化酶活性呈显著负相关。b*值的稳定性与类胡萝卜素含量呈显著正相关,与直链淀粉含量、多酚氧化酶活性呈极显著负相关。

不同面粉对鲜白盐面条颜色的影响

为了研究不同面粉对鲜白盐面条颜色的影响,在澳大利亚商业面粉中添加一定量的淀粉、面筋粉和麦芽,配制了8种面粉,用其制成鲜白盐面条后,用Minolta在0和24h时分别测量其L*、a*、b*值。经分析,在0和24h时,8种面条的L*、a*、b*值都分别达到显著或极显著水平;在24h后,所有面条的颜色变差,其L*值降低,a*、b*值升高;经比较,在添加了淀粉的面条颜色较好,其中以面条CK+9%S(在面粉中添加9%淀粉)的颜色最好。结果建议育种家在优质面条小麦育种中,应注意选出的品种蛋白质含量不应高,而淀粉含量应较高和面条颜色稳定性好的抗穗发芽品种。

小麦粉中游离脂含量对白盐面条品质的影响

利用分离重组手段,通过往面粉中添加由其自身分离所得的游离脂,配成面粉脂含量超出常规小麦品种的系列梯度混合粉,制作成典型的中国机制白盐面条,用TA—XT2i质构分析仪测定生、熟面条的流变性质并进行蒸煮特性试验,用色差仪测定面片的色泽.结果表明:游离脂含量增加时,面片亮度值(L*)逐渐减小而红度值(a*)和黄度值(b*)逐渐增加;面条的最佳蒸煮时间和干物质损失率均降低;生面条随脂含量增加硬度增加,而弹性显著降低;面粉中脂含量增加时,熟面条的硬度和延伸距离增加,弹性、黏聚性和回复性均有所降低.

大豆粉面条特性及蛋白质消化率的研究

将大豆粉添加到白盐面条中,采用色度仪和质构仪分别测定混合粉与面条颜色和拉伸及剪切的特性,并用胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶两步体外消化法测定不同蛋白质含量的面条的胃蛋白酶消化率和两种酶的连续消化率。试验结果表明:加水量为38%、食盐2%和黄原胶0.2%,鲜湿面条的烹调性质较好;添加大豆粉的面条胃蛋白酶体外消化率和胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶体外消化率与大豆粉的添加量显著性相关(p<0.05),当添加量为15%时机体对蛋白质的消化率最高,营养价值最好。

读《元和郡县图志》三题

传本《元和郡县图志》"后魏末移阳曲县于太原界"之"后魏"原本当作"后汉",这在乾嘉学者所引《元和郡县志》中有版本依据,能使《元和郡县图志》前后吻合,也与《三国志》等史籍所载不发生矛盾。《元和郡县图志》高昌国"有盐,其状如玉",可能是征引《魏书·高昌传》等有关记载高昌国物产的文献时省略了"白"字;也可能《元和郡县图志》在抄刻时夺"白"字。太原府贡品"特生石"应该是特生礜石。而"特生草"应该是"特生石"的讹文。

Effects of Salinity Fluctuation and Dietary Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines on Survival,Growth and Immunity of Exopalaemon carinicauda

[Objective]The aim of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for the large-scale breeding of Exopalaemon carinicauda. [Method]Effects of salinity fluctuation （S0,S3,S6 and S9 represented salinity fluctuations of 0,3,6 and 9 respectivley） and dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines （0,1%,2% and 4% respectively） on survival,growth and immunity of E.carinicauda were studied,and its experiment lasted for 60 d. [Result]The results showed that specific growth rate,feed conversion efficiency and superoxide dismutase activity of E.carinicauda in the treatment group with 1% dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicine and S6 salinity fluctuation were higher than those in other treatments,which was significantly higher than the treatment groups with S0,S3 and S9 salinity fluctuation at the same adding level of 1% dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicine. The regression analysis indicated that at S0,S3 and S6 salinity fluctuation,the optimal adding level of dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines in feeds decreased with the increase of salinity fluctuation,accounting for 2.74%,1.77% and 0.51% respectively. At four adding levels of dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines,the optimal salinity fluctuation of E.carinicauda also decreased with the increase of dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines in feeds,accounting for 5.26,4.95,3.54 and 1.97 respectively. [Conclusion]Salinity,dietary traditional Chinese herbal medicines and their interactions have a significant effect on survival,growth and immunity of E.carinicauda,which calls for attentions in the breeding.

碱性条件对面条品质特性影响的研究

借助布拉班德粉质仪、拉伸仪、糊化仪和美能达色差仪,对加盐面条和加碱面条进行对比测试分析。结果表明:碱性条件对面条的品质特性尤其蒸煮品质和食用品质有着与加盐面条明显不同的影响效果,由此为面条的工业化大发展和面条品质的升级换代提供了有益的参考。

Cloning and Characterization of the Na^+/H^+ Antiport Genes from Triticum aestivum

The Na+/H+ antiport genes namedTaNHX1andTaNHX2were cloned by screening a salt_stressed wheat cDNA library using rice Na+/H+ antiport cDNA fragment as the probe. Sequencing analysis showed thatTaNHX1was 2 029 bp in length and contained a complete ORF of 1 638 bp. TheTaNHX1encodes a polypeptide of 546 amino acids with a transmembrane domain DIFFIYLLPPI.TaNHX2was 1 693 bp in length consisting of a partial ORF followed by a 3′_UTR of 808 bp. The amino acid sequence of these two genes were about 70% identical to the known NHX genes from rice, Arabidopsis and Atriplex. A RT_PCR assay showed that the level ofTaNHX1transcripts was increased and reached a steady higher level in the seedlings after 3 h treatment with 400 mmol/L NaCl.

Overexpression of Proline Transporter Gene Isolated from Halophyte Confers Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis

Proline is one of the most important and widespread osmolyte which functions in adaptation to adverse environmental stresses in many organisms. Also it is an important carbon and nitrogen resource in higher plants. Metabolism of proline has been elucidated in many plant species. However, transport of proline was poorly characterized although transport system plays an important role in proline distribution in different tissues. We isolated one full_length cDNA encoding proline transporter from the typical halophyte: Atriplex hortensis L. through cDNA library screening and 5′_RACE. The deduced amino acid sequence had eleven transmembrane domains, showed 60%-69% similarities to other ProTs and the gene was designated AhProT1. In the phylogenetic tree, higher plants' ProTs, e.g. AhProT1, showed more similar to ProP from microorganisms than ProT from mammalians. AhProT1 gene was transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana under 35S promoter. In MS medium containing [U_ 14 C] proline, AhProT1 + plants were able to accumulate much more radiolabeled proline in the roots than control plants. In MS medium containing different concentrations of NaCl, AhProT1 + plants could endure 200 mmol/L NaCl and keep development and biomass increase with proline supply, whereas control plants died back at 150 mmol/L NaCl.

Effects of salinity fluctuation and dietary protein/ carbohydrate ratio on the survival and growth of Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

A factorial study was conducted to determine the effects of salinity （constant （SO） and fluctuating （S10）） and isoenergetic diet of different protein/carbohydrate ratios （P/C： 4.1, 1.9, 1.0 and 0.6） on the survival and growth of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. The experiment lasted for 35 days. The results showed that I） At S0 and S10, specific growth rate and apparent digestibility coefficient exhibited decreasing trend, while food conversion ratio exhibited increasing trend, with decreasing P/C ratio. At SO, food consumption and specific growth rate of the shrimp fed 4.1 P/C were significantly higher than those fed 1.0 and 0.6 P/C, whereas at S10, no significant differences were detected among different treatments; II） At 4.1 and 1.9 P/C, food consumption and specific growth rate were higher in the shrimp maintained at SO as compared with those at S10, while at 1.0 and 0.6 P/C, an inverse trend was observed. Among four P/C ratios, food conversion ratio of the shrimp at SO was the lowest.

玉盘杨梅为君设

平头奴子摇大扇,五月不热疑清秋。玉盘杨梅为君设,吴盐如花皎如雪。——唐·李白【诗词赏析】此诗是李白的著名诗作《梁园吟》中的四句。这首诗是李白的怀古之作,说的是古人与梁园的故事。诗中提到的杨梅是南方的水果,在交通不发达的唐代,在它刚刚上市的五月,就能在地处中原的开封吃到它,确属不易之事。加之,桌上还摆放着那时只有上等人才能吃得上的如花如雪的南方白盐,还有奴仆摇着扇子伺候,这种享受在当时来说就确实显得不一般了。

小麦淀粉特性研究现状

淀粉糊化特性指淀粉悬浊液在加热至糊化温度以上时所形成糊浆的粘性,这种粘性随温度变化而变化。反映粘性强弱的物理量称为粘度。淀粉或面粉的粘度参数可以用仪器测定,如Brabender粘度仪(Brabender viscograph,简称BV)和快速粘度仪(Rapid viscosity analyser,简称RVA)。Oda等(1980)、Crosbie等(1991)和Konik(1992)分别用Brabender粘度仪测定了日本和澳大利亚小麦品种的淀粉粘度,分析了粘度性状与干白面条(Drywhite noodle,DWN)、白盐面条(Whitesaltnoodle,WSN)和碱性黄面条(Alkalineyellow noodle,AYN)品质间的关系。

Screening an Na^+/H^+ Antiporter Gene from the Halophiles Colonizing in the Dagong Ancient Brine Well of Zigong City,China

[Objective] This study aimed to screen an Na＋/H＋ antiporter gene from the halophiles colonizing in the Dagong Ancient Brine Well in Zigong City, China, and then analyze the gene structure and properties of the protein encoded by this gene. [Method] Metagenomic DNA libraries of halophiles from the Dagong Ancient Brine Well were used for screening genes with Na＋/H＋ antiporter activity in antiporter-defi- cient E. coil KNabc strain by functional complementation. Then the start codon, stop codon, ORF, -35 region, -10 region and SD sequence of Na~/H＋ antiporter gene, as well as the molecular weight, isoelectric point, hydrophobic region, transmembrane domain, phyletic evolution and salt resistance of protein encoded by the gene were investigated. [Result] A new Na＋/H＋ antiporter gene m-nha was obtained, which ,ren- dered the antiporter-negative mutant E. coil KNabc cells with both the resistance to Na＋ and the ability to grow under alkaline conditions. [Conclusion] The structure and amino acid sequence of M-Nha was different from the previously reported Na＋/H~ antiporters, and the m-nha gene disclosed from the Dagong Ancient Brine Well was identified as a novel Na＋/H＋ antiporter gene. This study was significant not only in helping us understand the salt tolerance of halophiles in ancient brine wells and develop and utilize the genes resource, but also in exploring new salt-tolerant genes.

Leaching kinetics of scheelite concentrate with sodium hydroxide in the presence of phosphate

The reaction kinetics for the leaching of low-grade scheelite concentrate was investigated in an autoclave with sodium hydroxide in the presence of phosphate. The effects of stirring speed (300-600 r/min), reaction temperature (353-383 K), sodium hydroxide concentration (1.69-6.76 mol/L) and phosphate concentration (0.68-1.69 mol/L) on the WO3 dissolution ratio were studied. The results showed that the WO3 dissolution ratio was practically independent of stirring speed, while it increased with increasing the reaction temperature, and the concentrations of sodium hydroxide and phosphate. The experimental data were consistent with the shrinking core model, with a surface chemical reaction as the leaching rate-determining step. The apparent activation energy was calculated as 49.56 kJ/mol, and the reaction orders with respect to the concentrations of sodium hydroxide and phosphate were determined as 0.27 and 0.67, respectively. The kinetics equation of the leaching process was established.

Isolation and characterization of a novel strain of Natrinema containing a bop gene

A novel member of extremely halophilic archaea, strain AJ2, was isolated from Ayakekum Lake located in Altun Mountain National Nature Reserve of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China. The strain A J2 requires at least 10% (w/v)NaCl and grows 10% to 30% (optimum at 20%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence comparison revealed that strain A J2 clustered to three Natrinema species with less than 97.7% sequence similarities, suggesting A J2 is a novel member of Natrinema. A bacteriorhodopsin-encoding (bop) gene was subsequently detected in the A J2 genome using the polymerase chain reaction technique. The cloning and sequencing of a 401 base pairs fragment indicated the deduced amino acid sequence of bop from A J2 is different from that reported for bacteriorhodopsins. This is the first reported detection of a bop gene in Natrinema.

Protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate in diets for juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus reared at different salinities

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate in diets for juvenile turbot(Scophthalmus maximus) reared at five salinities(12,18,24,30,and 36).The fish were fed three isocaloric and isolipidic diets for 60 days.The results show that specific growth rate(SGR)and feed conversion efficiency(FCE) were higher in fish reared at salinities of 18 and 36,but lower at 12.Fish fed with diet C25P40(25%carbohydrate and 40%protein) had lower SGR and FCE values compared with those fed with the C5P52(5%carbohydrate and 52%protein) and C15P46(15%carbohydrate and 46%protein) diets;however,there was no statistical difference between diet C5P52 and C15P46.SGR and FCE values were unaffected by diet composition in fish reared at salinity 36.Hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities were higher in fish reared at 18 and 36,but lower at 12,while glucokinase(GK) activity was higher in fish reared at 12,and lower at 18 and 36.Dietary starch enhanced GK activity while depressing lipogenic enzyme activity.However,lipogenic enzyme activity increased with increasing dietary starch in fish reared at 36.It is recommended that salinity should be maintained > 12 in the farming of juvenile turbot.In addition,an increase in gelatinized starch from 5%to 15%could spare 6%dietary protein in fish reared at salinities of 18-30,while higher salinity(36) could improve dietary carbohydrate use and enhance the protein-sparing effect,which is linked with the induction of lipogenic capacities.

Expression and function of renal and hepatic organic anion transporters in extrahepatic cholestasis

Obstructive jaundice occurs in patients suffering from cholelithiasis and from neoplasms affecting the pancreas and the common bile duct.The absorption,distribution and elimination of drugs are impaired during this pathology.Prolonged cholestasis may alter both liver and kidney function.Lactam antibiotics,diuretics,non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,several antiviral drugs as well as endogenous compounds are classified as organic anions.The hepatic and renal organic anion transport pathways play a key role in the pharmacokinetics of these compounds.It has been demonstrated that acute extrahepatic cholestasis is associated with increased renal elimination of organic anions.The present work describes the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the expression and function of the renal and hepatic organic anion transporters in extrahepatic cholestasis,such as multidrug resistanceassociated protein 2,organic anion transporting polypeptide 1,organic anion transporter 3,bilitranslocase,bromosulfophthalein/bilirubin binding protein,organic anion transporter 1 and sodium dependent bile salt transporter.The modulation in the expression of renal organic anion transporters constitutes a compensatory mechanism to overcome the hepatic dysfunction in the elimination of organic anions.

Effect of various Na/K ratios in low-salinity well water on growth performance and physiological response of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

To investigate the influence of sodium to potassium （Na/IO ratios on the growth performance and physiological response of the Pacific white shrimp （Litopenaeus vananmei）, various concentrations of KC1 were added to low-salinity well water （salinity 4） in an 8-week culture trial. Six treatments with NWK ratios of 60：1, 42：1, 33：1, 23：1, 17：1, and 14：1 were replicated in triplicate. The highest weight-gain rate （3 506±48）% and survival rate （89.38±0.88）% was observed in well water with Na/K ratios of 23：1 and 42：1, respectively, while the feed conversion ratio （1.02～0.01）, oxygen consumption, and ammonia-N excretion rate was the lowest in the medium with a Na/K ratio of 23：1. Gill Na＋-K＋-ATPase activity, as an indicator of osmoregulation, peaked in the treatment where the Na/K ratio was 17：1. The total hemocyte count, respiratory burst, and immune-related enzyme activities （ALP, LSZ, PO, and SOD） ofL. vananmei were affected significantly by Na/K ratios （P〈0.05）. After challenged with Vibrio harveyi, the cumulative mortality of shrimp reared in a Na/K ratio of 23：1 （30±14.14）% was significantly lower than the control （75～7.07）%. In conclusion, the addition of K＋ to low-salinity well water in L. vannamei cultures is feasible. Na/K ratios ranging from 23：1 to 33：1 might improve survival and growth. Immunity and disease resistance are also closely related to the Na/K ratio of the low-salinity well water. The findings may contribute to the development of more efficient K^＋ remediation strategies for L. vananmei culture in low-salinity well water.

Evaluation of leukocyte esterase and nitrite strip tests to detect spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients

AIM： To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of leukocyte esterase and nitrite reagent strips for bedside diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis （SBP）. METHODS： A total of 63 consecutive patients with cirrhotic ascites （38 male, 25 female） tested between April 2005 and July 2006 were included in the study. Bedside reagent strip testing was performed on ascitic fluid and the results compared to manual cell counting and ascitic fluid culture. SBP was defined as having a polymorphonuclear ascites count of ≥ 250/mm^3. RESULTS： Fifteen samples showed SBP. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the leukocyte esterase reagent strips were; 93%, 100%, 100%, and 98%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of the nitrite reagent strips were 13%, 93%, 40%, and 77%, respectively. The combination of leukocyte esterase and nitrite reagents strips did not yield statistically significant effects on diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSION： Leukocyte esterase reagent strips may provide a rapid, bedside diagnostic test for SBP.

Study on Hatching Rate of Artemia fanciscana Cysts in Different Sources of Saline

A comparison of Arternia cysts hatching （Artemia franciscana） were conducted on bleaching and non-bleaching with sodium hypochloride on five dilution of salt solution by using sea water, sea salt solution, artificial sea salt solutions, iodine added cooking salt solution, and rock salt solutions. All solutions were adjusted at 30 ppt of salinity in 1 litter cylinder. The experiment was carried out with Factorial Experiment in CRD. After 24 hours, a randomized count of living Artemia was taken a photograph of Artemia size by stereo microscope. A statistic analysis showed that all data of bleaching and non-bleaching were no significant difference （P 〉 0.05）. The hatching ability of Artemia cysts in solutions was examined and the results showed that sea salt solution was 327.33 × 103.4. 28,536.5263 Nauplii/liter, sea water 316 ×10^3± 20,420.5779 Nauplii/liter, artificial sea salt solutions 314.33× 10^3 ± 34,268.5473 Nauplii/liter, iodine added cooking salt solution 309.66 ± 10^3 .4- 22,898.3260 Nauplii/liter, and rock salt solutions 305.33 ± 10^3 ± 25,579.9401 Nauplii/liter, respectively. The body length of Artemia was compared and the data showed that there was no significant difference （P 〉 0.05）. The highest body length was found in sea salt solution 527.32 ± 4.70μm, sea water 521.65±8.51 μm, artificial sea salt solutions 522.08 ± 10.04 μm, iodine added cooking salt solution 522.67 ±7.87 μm, and rock salt solutions 516.33 ±11.15μm, respectively.