佐剂性关节炎大鼠炎性细胞因子与核因子-κB变化及三七总皂苷的干预影响

目的研究佐剂性关节炎(AA)大鼠炎性细胞因子与核因子-κB(NF-κB)变化及三七总皂苷(PNS)的干预作用。方法大鼠右后足跖皮内注射弗氏完全佐剂诱发AA大鼠模型,进行多发性关节炎评分,放射免疫法检测大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)含量,同时将大鼠踝关节病理切片做HE和免疫组化染色,进行NF-κB表达的半定量分析。结果大鼠免疫后2周,PNS连续腹腔注射2周,AA大鼠多发性关节炎指数明显降低,血清TNF、IL-1β分泌明显减少,关节局部NF-κB表达下调。结论PNS可改善AA大鼠多发性关节炎,该作用可能与下调NF-κB的表达,进而抑制炎性细胞因子TNF、IL-1β的分泌相关。

软性皂的新前景

软性皂的新前景战后时期，通常被称为肥皂的脂肪酸碱金属盐已失去了它在表面活性剂中的主导地位，继而被石油化学衍生物取代。但最近几年，天然──一个新的趋势已成为一个重要特点，尤其是市场开发部门的主要领域。尽管脂肪酸硫酸盐和脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐也是天然基表面活性...

聚甘油脂肪酸酯的表面性能研究

利用甘油聚合得到聚甘油,与一系列高级脂肪酸酯化合成聚甘油脂肪酸酯。分别测试和比较了合成产品的HLB值、表面张力、乳化性能、泡沫性能及钙皂分散性能,并讨论了合成影响因素,为研究聚甘油酯类产品应用性能提供了理论基础。

两性表面活性剂(四)两性表面活性剂的一般性质

介绍了两性表面活性剂的流变性、水溶助长性、钙皂分散性和抗硬水性等一般性质。讨论了两性表面活性剂的流变性与表面活性剂浓度之间的关系 ,并给出了调节混合体系流变性的方法。从混合胶束理论出发 ,对两性表面活性剂是比其他类型表面活性剂更优秀的钙皂分散剂这一事实 ,作者提出了新见解。同时 ,对两性表面活性剂的生态性质 ,如生物降解性。

Polyhydroxylated Steroidal Sapogenins from Tupistra wattii

Two novel polyhydroxylated steroidal sapogenins, wattigenin B ((25R)-spirost-1beta, 2beta, 3beta, 4beta, 5beta, 6beta, 7alpha-heptol, 1) and wattigenin C ((25S)-spirost-1beta, 2beta, 3beta, 4beta, 5beta, 7alpha-hexalrydroxyl-6-one, 2), together with two known sapogenins, kitigenin (3) and convallagenin B (4), were isolated froth the fresh rhizomes of Tupistra wattii Hook. f. The structures of the compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The four sapogenins were evaluated for the cytotoxicities on the cancer cell line K562 and A2780a in vitro. Compounds 1 - 4 were obtained from the plant for the first time.

饱和油酸乙醇酰胺硫酸脂盐的合成

本文以油酸为原料经过适当的途径合成饱和油酸乙醇酰胺硫酸酯钠 ,并测定其表面活性性能。发现此化合物具有较好的钙皂分散性和很好的起泡性 ,可以用于各种洗涤剂的钙皂分散剂和发泡剂。

Activation of Plasma Membrane NADPH Oxidase and Generation of H_2O_2 Mediate the Induction of PAL Activity and Saponin Synthesis byEndogenous Elicitor in Suspension-Cultured Cells of Panax ginseng

Endogenous elicitor, termed cellulase-degraded cell wall (CDW), was prepared from the cell wall of suspension-cultured ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) cells via cellulase degradation. CDW activated the NADPH oxidase activity of isolated plasma membranes and stimulated in vivo H2O2 generation in ginseng cell suspensions. CDW also increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), expression of a P. ginseng squalene epoxidase (sqe) gene and saponin synthesis. NADPH oxidase inhibitors inhibited both in vitro NADPH oxidase activity and in vivo H2O2 generation. Induction of PAL activity, saponin synthesis and sqe gene expression were all inhibited by such inhibitor treatments and reduced by incubation with catalase and HA scavengers. These data indicate that activation of NADPH oxidase and generation of H2O2 are essential signalling events mediating defence responses induced by the endogenous elicitor(s) present in CDW.

Preliminary Identification of Red Pigment and Positive Correlation between the Contents of Red Pigment and Total Saponins of Panax notoginseng Fruits

[Objective] This study aimed to identify red pigment of Panax notoginseng fruits and explore the correlation between pigment content and total saponins of the fruits. [Method] The red pigment of Panax notoginseng fruits was preliminarily identi- fied with specific color reactions and UV-vis spectra, and the contents of the pigment and total saponins were determined via spectrophotometry. [Result] The red hues of the fruits were contributed by anthocyanins and/or the anthocyanidins. The contents of anthocyanins and total saponins of the fruits both decreased along with thinning of the red hues. The content difference of the anthocyanins in fruits with different red hues reached extremely significant level, but that of total saponins just reached significant level. [Conclusion] The red pigment of P. notoginseng fruits is anthocyanins which are of extremely significant positive correlation with total saponins in contents.

Analysis of the Constituents in the Chinese Drug Notoginseng by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Mass Spectrometry

To develop a HPIX-UV-MS method for identifying the constituents in theChinese drug Notoginseng (the root of Panax notoginseng). Methods A Phenomenex Luna C_(18) column(250 mm x 4.6 mm ID, 5 μm) was utilized. Water containing 0.005% formic acid (A) and acetonitrilecontaining 0.005% formic acid (B) were used as gradient eluents. UV spectra were recorded in range195 - 400 nm. Both positive and negative ion ESI modes were used. Results The constituents inNotoginseng were well separated and detected. Fourteen compounds were identified by comparing theirretention time and ESI-MS data with those obtained from the reference compounds. Forty-one compoundswere deduced by data analysis of MS and literature; among them, yesanchinosides-H and -E,chikusetsusaponin-L_5, malonyl-ginsenoside-R_(g_1), the isomers of notoginsenosides-J, -A, -R_1, -G,-R_2, and ginsenoside-Rh_3 were discovered in Notoginseng for the first time. Conclusion Thismethod gives high sensitivity and good separation, and is suitable for identifying the constituentsin Notoginseng. This result is helpful for further phytochemical research on Notoginseng. Based onthis result, further quality control can be studied.

大规模风电接入下的发电计划制订方法研究

风电受环境因素影响大,呈现出典型的波动性、随机性和间歇性特点,发电计划的制订将不同于已有的方法,国内在该方面仍处于研究的初步阶段。本文研究论述了国外科研机构或高校在风电接入情况下的日前或日内发电计划制订方法的最新进展,并针对每种方法的优缺点、适用性及可改进之处进行了论述。此外,概述了我国目前针对风电大规模接入下的计划调度方式,并给出了评价及从电力系统调度方面提高我国电网接纳水平的相关建议。

Triterpenoid Saponins from Tu Jia Ethnomedicine Bai San Qi and Their Cytotoxicity on Hep G2 and BGC-823 Cell Lines

Objective Tu Jia ethnomedicine is a unique medical system inherited and adhibited by Tu Jia minority living in central-south China. Panax japonicus C. A. Mey.(Bai San Qi,白三七) is recognized as an effective and rare medicinal plant to treat weakness, fatigue and rheumatism in Tu Jia ethnomedicine. This paper is to discover more substance evidence for the application of Tu Jia ethnomedicine. Methods Column chromatography and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied for isolation and purification;1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC and HMBC NMR spectra were applied for structure identification;Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolim (MTT) assays were applied for cytotoxicity evaluation. Results Totally 12 known compounds were isolated by column chromatography and preparative HPLC from rhizomes of Panax japonicus C. A. Mey.(Bai San Qi,白三七). Structures of these compounds were identified by their NMR spectra. All the 12 compounds were triterpenoid saponins. Five of them were oleanolic acid type, and the remaining 7 were dammarane type. Eleven compounds were assayed for their cytotoxic activity against Hep G2 human liver cancer cell lines and BGC-823 human gastric cancer cell lines. Three of the 11 showed relatively dominant cytotoxicity against these cell lines. Conclusions A total of 12 known compounds have been identified from Panax japonicus C. A. Mey.(Bai San Qi,白三七);NMR spectra of compounds with similar skeletons showed regular characteristics;3 compounds showed relatively dominant cytotoxicity against Hep G2 and BGC-823 cancer cell lines, and the result can be valued as weak while setting the taxol as a positive control.

Antidepressant-like Effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 in the Chronic Restraint Stress-induced Rat Model

Objective To investigate the ameliorating effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the depression-like behaviors induced by chronic restraint stress(CRS)in rats and the underlying mechanisms.Methods Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups according to their baseline sucrose preference:control group,model group,and Rg1-treated groups(5 and 10 mg/kg).Except for control group,the groups were exposed to CRS(6 h/day)for 28 days.All drugs were intraperitoneally administered once daily to CRS rats after restraint stress for 14 days.The behavioral tests were carried out via the open field test(OFT),sucrose preference test(SPT),forced swim test(FST),and the Morris water maze(MWM)4 weeks following CRS induction.The levels of serum corticosterone(CORT)and the activities of the antioxidant defense biomarkers(SOD,MDA and GSH-x)in the prefrontal cortex(PFC)were analyzed using commercial ELISA kits.The levels of the neurotransmitter(5-HT,5-HIAA,Ach,NE,GABA and Glu)in the PFC were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.The protein expression of BDNF,Trkb,Bax and Bcl-2 in the PFC was detected by western blotting.Results Owing to increased sucrose consumption in the SPT,decreased immobility time in the FST,and the improved cognitive performance in MWM,chronic treatment with Ginsenoside Rg1 was found to significantly attenuate depressionlike behaviors(anhedonia,behavioral despair and poor spatial memory)in rats.Moreover,CRS exposure caused evident alterations in the levels of the neurotransmitters(5-HT,5-HIAA,Ach,GABA and Glu)and the activities of the antioxidant defense biomarkers(SOD,MDA and GSH-x)in the PFC and the levels of corticosterone in serum.However,Ginsenoside Rg1 treatment could restore these levels to normal values.Additionally,Ginsenoside Rg1 treatment significantly reverted the decreased expression of BDNF,Trkb and Bcl-2 and the increased expression of Bax in the PFC of CRS rats.Conclusions Ginsenoside Rg1 could attenuate the CRS-induced depression-like behaviors,in part,by regulating neurotransmitter levels and HPA function,antagonizing oxidative stress and apoptosis,and restoring BDNF-TrkB signaling in PFC.Altogether,our results provide a novel basis regarding the potential therapeutic effects of Rg1 on depression.

Effect of the ginsenoside Rb1 on the spontaneous contraction of intestinal smooth muscle in mice

AIM: To investigate the effect and the possible mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 on small intestinal smooth muscle motility in mice. METHODS: Intestinal smooth muscle strips were isolated from male ICR mice (5 wk old), and the effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on spontaneous contraction was recorded with an electrophysiolograph. The effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on ion channel currents, including the voltage-gated K + channel current (IK V ), calcium-activated potassium channel currents (IK Ca ), spontaneous transient outward currents and ATP-sensitive potassium channel current (IK ATP ), was recorded on freshly isolated single cells using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. RESULTS: Ginsenoside Rb1 dose-dependently inhibited the spontaneous contraction of intestinal smooth muscle by 21.15% ± 3.31%, 42.03% ± 8.23% and 67.23% ± 5.63% at concentrations of 25 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L, respectively (n=5,P<0.05). The inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on spontaneous contraction was significantly but incompletely blocked by 10 mmol/L tetraethylammonium or 0.5 mmol/L 4-aminopyridine, respectively (n=5, P<0.05). However, the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on spontaneous contraction was not affected by 10 μmol/L glibenclamide or 0.4 μmol/L tetrodotoxin. At the cell level, ginsenoside Rb1 increased outward potassium currents, and IK V was enhanced from 1137.71 ± 171.62 pA to 1449.73 ± 162.39 pA by 50 μmol/L Rb1 at +60 mV (n=6, P<0.05). Ginsenoside Rb1 increased IK Ca and enhanced the amplitudes of spontaneous transient outward currents from 582.77 ± 179.09 mV to 788.12 ± 278.34 mV (n=5, P<0.05). However, ginsenoside Rb1 (50 μmol/L) had no significant effect on IK ATP (n=3, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb1 has an inhibitory effect on the spontaneous contraction of mouse intestinal smooth muscle mediated by the activation of IK V and IK Ca , but the K ATP channel was not involved in this effect.

Analysis on the Oxidation Resistance of Jujube Saponin

In this paper, saponins were extracted from Northern Shaanxi＇ s big jujubes using organic solvent method and also the oxidation resistance of the extractives was analyzed. In the experiment, the crude extractives of the saponins from jujubes were obtained using ethyl alcohol soaking method and Soxhlet extraction method and also qualitatively tested using 3 color reactions, and the test result was positive; the oxidation resistance of jujube saponins was analyzed through DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging experiment and reducibility measurement, and the results showed that the capability of jujube saponins in DPPH free radical scavenging was enhanced along with the improvement of the to- be-test material concentration, so saponins played a significant role on hydroxyl radical scavenging and possessed certain reducibility. Northern Shaanxi＇ s big jujubes are rich in saponins and possess excellent antioxidant ability that will be enhanced along with the increase of saponins content. Thus, a basis is provided for the effective extension of the jujube industry chain.

Simulation of natural gas transmission pipeline network system performance

Simulation has proven to be an effective tool for analyzing pipeline network systems （PNS） in order to determine the design and operational variables which are essential for evaluating the performance of the system. This paper discusses the use of simulation for performance analysis of transmission PNS. A simulation model was developed for determining flow and pressure variables for different configuration of PNS. The mathematical formulation for the simulation model was derived based on the principles of energy conservation, mass balance, and compressor characteristics. For the determination of the pressure and flow variables, solution procedure was developed based on iterative Newton Raphson scheme and implemented using visual C＋＋6. Evaluations of the simulation model with the existing pipeline network system showed that the model enabled to determine the operational variables with less than ten iterations. The performances of the compressor working in the pipeline network system xvhich includes energy consumption, compression ratio and discharge pressure were evaluated to meet pressure requirements ranging from 4000-5000 kPa at various speed. Results of the analyses from the simulation indicated that the model could be used for performance analysis to assist decisions regarding the design and optimal operations of transmission PNS.

一类含酰胺基的两性双子表面活性剂的合成与性能研究

以长链脂肪酸、N,N-二甲基丙二胺、环氧氯丙烷为主要原料,合成制备了2种两性离子型的双子表面活性剂(D-12和D-14).目标产物经红外光谱(IR)、质谱(ESI)和元素分析测试表明其结构与设计完全一致.表面张力扫描显示,D-12和D-14的临界胶束浓度分别为6.4×10-5和4.6×10-5mol/L,对应的表面张力γ为26.5和30.8 mN/m.同时考察了D-12和D-14的耐盐性和钙皂分散性.

创造与复制

今天,东方与西方虽已相遇多时,东方也已大量采用了西方发展起来的现代生活方式,但东方社会的神秘传统仍干扰着它对西方科学文化的汲收、消化,那种比较切实的复制式思想、行动理念仍没有在东方真正扎根确立,东方人的创造才能还经常被浪费在凭空臆造上。引进包括科学在内的各种西方先进文化知识,下大力气改造我们的传统,仍旧是东方现代化的主题之一。

Panax notoginseng saponins protect against chronic ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis

Chronic alcohol consumption induces hepatic steatosis, the early stage of alcoholic liver disease （ALD）. The aim ofpresent study is to investigate the protective effect ofPanax notoginseng saponins （PNS） against chronic ethanol-induced hepaticsteatosis in vivo. Mice were pair-fed a modified Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing alcohol or isocaloric maltose dextrin ascontrol diet with or without PNS （200 mg/kg, BW） for 8 weeks. Animals supplemented with PNS were protected against hepaticlipid accumulation induced by chronic ethanol exposure. Accordingly, PNS could significantly decrease the elevation of plasmatriglyceride, plasma enzyme activities, i.e. alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST）, and hepaticTNF-ct and IL-6 levels which were induced by chronic alcohol exposure. In addition, PNS markedly reduced the lipolysis ofwhite adipose tissue （WAT） that stimulated by alcohol feeding through the inhibiting protein expression of phosphorylation ofhormone-sensitive lipase （p-HSL）, rather than total HSL. Furthermore, alcohol exposure also enhanced fatty acid uptake capacityin liver by elevated hepatic CD36 expression, which could attenuated by PNS treatment. These results demonstrate that PNSsupplementation protects against chronic ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis, which is associated with ameliorating dysfunctionallipid metabolism of WAT and the reduced inflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggested that PNS might be potential to bedeveloped as an effective agent for the treatment of chronic alcoholic steatosis.

Effect of tribulus terrestris saponins on behavior and neuroendocrine in chronic mild stress depression rats

OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of tribulus terres- tris saponins （TTS） on behavior and neuroendo- crine of chronic mild stress （CMS） depression rats. METHODS：ThirtymaleSprague-Dawleyratswereran- domly allocated to six groups： vehicle group, CMS group, CMS ＋ fluoxetine group and CMS ＋ TTS of low-dosage （0.375 g/kg）, medium-dosage （0.75 g/kg） and high-dosage （2.25 g/kg） groups. All rats except the vehicle group singly housed and exposed an unpredicted sequence of mild stressors. The behav- ior of rats was detected by open-field test （OFT） and sucrose preference test （SPT）. The concentra- tion of corticotropin-releasing factor （CRF） and ad- renocorticotropic hormone （ACTH） in serum of the rats were detected by radioimmunoassay. The con- centration of cortisol （CORT） in serum was detected by enzyme immunoassay.RESULTS： CMS procedure not only significantly de- creased the scores of crossing, rears and grooming in OFI： and the sucrose preference in SPT （all P〈 0.01）, but also markedly increased serum CRH and CORT levels （both P〈0.05）. Treatment with TTS （0.75 and 2.25 g/kg） could significantly prevent all of these abnormalities induced by CMS （P〈0.05, P〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： CMS can affect rat behavior and neuroendocrine and cause depression. TTS has the antagonism on CMS and produce antidepressive ef- fects.