近年来,国际市场竞争日趋加剧,买方市场逐渐形成。在国际贸易中采用跟单托收方式结算货款的比重有增大趋势。为了适应国际贸易的发展变化,国际商会于1993年开始着手对其已沿用十多年的322号出版物即《托收统一规则》(UniformRules for C...近年来,国际市场竞争日趋加剧,买方市场逐渐形成。在国际贸易中采用跟单托收方式结算货款的比重有增大趋势。为了适应国际贸易的发展变化,国际商会于1993年开始着手对其已沿用十多年的322号出版物即《托收统一规则》(UniformRules for Collections)1978年修订本(简称URC322)进行修订,1995年完成修订工作,并将其确定为国际商会522号出版物(简称URC522)。URC522已于1996年1月1日正式在全球生效实施,它将是今后一段时间内指导银行处理托收业务的主要依据。展开更多
AIM:To report the indications for and techniques of corneal transplantation at Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology(VNIO) over a period of 12y(2002-2013).· METHODS:Records of patients who had undergone cor...AIM:To report the indications for and techniques of corneal transplantation at Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology(VNIO) over a period of 12y(2002-2013).· METHODS:Records of patients who had undergone corneal transplantation at VNIO from January 1,2002 to January 1,2014 were reviewed to determine the indication for and type of corneal transplant performed.Patient age,gender,indication for corneal transplantation and surgical technique were recorded and analyzed.· RESULTS:Corneal transplantation were underwent in1390 eyes of 1278 patients with a mean age of 44.9±18.1y during the period under review.The most common indication was infectious corneal ulcer(n =670;48.2%),followed by corneal scar(n =333,24.0%),corneal dystrophy(n=138,9.9%) and failed graft(n=112,8.1%).Nearly all procedures performed were penetrating keratoplasty(n=1300,93.5%),with a few lamellar keratoplasty procedures performed:lamellar keratoplasty(n=52,3.7%),Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty(n =27,1.9%) and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty(n =11,0.8%).· CONCLUSION:While the most common indication for keratoplasty was infectious keratitis,nearly all indications for corneal transplantation were managed with penetrating keratoplasty.However,lamellar keratoplasty techniques,including deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty and Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty,are being performed with increasing frequency for isolated stromal and endothelial disorders,respectively.展开更多
AIM:To review indications and corneal tissue use for penetrating and lamellar surgery between 2002 and 2011.·METHODS:The surgical reports of corneal grafts performed during 2002-2011,using tissues supplied by the...AIM:To review indications and corneal tissue use for penetrating and lamellar surgery between 2002 and 2011.·METHODS:The surgical reports of corneal grafts performed during 2002-2011,using tissues supplied by the Eye Bank of Piedmont(Italy),were reviewed retrospectively.Patient demographic data,date of intervention,indication for surgery,and surgical technique used were recorded.Surgical techniques included penetrating keratoplasty(PK),deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty(DALK)and endothelial keratoplasty(EK).Theχ2test was used to compare the distribution of indications and types of surgical technique used,for corneal grafts done during 2002-2006 versus those done during 2007-2011.·RESULTS:The number of corneal grafts increased by30.7%from 2002-2006 to 2007-2011(from 1567 to 2048).Comparing the two periods,both main indications and surgical techniques changed significantly.In 2007-2011,the proportion of interventions for aphakic/pseudophakic bollous keratopathy(from 16.8%to 21.3%),graft failure(from 16.4%to 19.1%)and Fuchs endothelial dystrophy(from 12.8%to 16.7%)all increased significantly(P<0.05),while those for keratoconus decreased significantly(from35.6%to 27.3%;P<0.001).In 2007-2011,the proportion of PK decreased significantly(from 92.4%to 57.2%;P<0.001)while that of EK and DALK went from 0.4%to30.2%(P<0.001)and from 7.2%to 12.6%(P<0.001)respectively.·CONCLUSION:During 2002-2011 the number of interventions increased significantly for corneal endothelial diseases and graft failure.The growing demand for interventions for these diseases corresponded to the widespread adoption of EK techniques.The use of DALK also increased,but more moderately than EK procedures.展开更多
About 20000 gastrointestinal endoscopies are performed annually in America in pregnant women. Gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy raises the critical issue of fetal safety in addition to patient safety. Endosc...About 20000 gastrointestinal endoscopies are performed annually in America in pregnant women. Gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy raises the critical issue of fetal safety in addition to patient safety. Endoscopic medications may be potentially abortifacient or teratogenic. Generally, Food and Drug Administration category B or C drugs should be used for endoscopy. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy(EGD) seems to be relatively safe for both mother and fetus based on two retrospective studies of 83 and 60 pregnant patients. The diagnostic yield is about 95% when EGD is performed for gastrointestinal bleeding. EGD indications during pregnancy include acute gastrointestinal bleeding, dysphagia > 1 wk, or endoscopic therapy. Therapeutic EGD is experimental due to scant data, but should be strongly considered for urgent indications such as active bleeding. One study of 48 sigmoidoscopies performed during pregnancy showed relatively favorable fetal outcomes, rare bad fetal outcomes, and bad outcomes linked to very sick mothers. Sigmoidoscopy should be strongly considered for strong indications,including significant acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic diarrhea, distal colonic stricture, suspected inflammatory bowel disease flare, and potential colonic malignancy. Data on colonoscopy during pregnancy are limited. One study of 20 pregnant patients showed rare poor fetal outcomes. Colonoscopy is generally experimental during pregnancy, but can be considered for strong indications: known colonic mass/stricture, active lower gastrointestinal bleeding, or colonoscopic therapy. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) entails fetal risks from fetal radiation exposure. ERCP risks to mother and fetus appear to be acceptable when performed for ERCP therapy, as demonstrated by analysis of nearly 350 cases during pregnancy. Justifiable indications include symptomatic or complicated choledocholithiasis, manifested by jaundice, cholangitis, gallstone pancreatitis, or dilated choledochus. ERCP should be performed by an expert endoscopist, with informed consent about fetal radiation risks, minimizing fetal radiation exposure, and using an attending anesthesiologist. Endoscopy is likely most safe during the second trimester of pregnancy.展开更多
文摘近年来,国际市场竞争日趋加剧,买方市场逐渐形成。在国际贸易中采用跟单托收方式结算货款的比重有增大趋势。为了适应国际贸易的发展变化,国际商会于1993年开始着手对其已沿用十多年的322号出版物即《托收统一规则》(UniformRules for Collections)1978年修订本(简称URC322)进行修订,1995年完成修订工作,并将其确定为国际商会522号出版物(简称URC522)。URC522已于1996年1月1日正式在全球生效实施,它将是今后一段时间内指导银行处理托收业务的主要依据。
文摘AIM:To report the indications for and techniques of corneal transplantation at Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology(VNIO) over a period of 12y(2002-2013).· METHODS:Records of patients who had undergone corneal transplantation at VNIO from January 1,2002 to January 1,2014 were reviewed to determine the indication for and type of corneal transplant performed.Patient age,gender,indication for corneal transplantation and surgical technique were recorded and analyzed.· RESULTS:Corneal transplantation were underwent in1390 eyes of 1278 patients with a mean age of 44.9±18.1y during the period under review.The most common indication was infectious corneal ulcer(n =670;48.2%),followed by corneal scar(n =333,24.0%),corneal dystrophy(n=138,9.9%) and failed graft(n=112,8.1%).Nearly all procedures performed were penetrating keratoplasty(n=1300,93.5%),with a few lamellar keratoplasty procedures performed:lamellar keratoplasty(n=52,3.7%),Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty(n =27,1.9%) and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty(n =11,0.8%).· CONCLUSION:While the most common indication for keratoplasty was infectious keratitis,nearly all indications for corneal transplantation were managed with penetrating keratoplasty.However,lamellar keratoplasty techniques,including deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty and Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty,are being performed with increasing frequency for isolated stromal and endothelial disorders,respectively.
文摘AIM:To review indications and corneal tissue use for penetrating and lamellar surgery between 2002 and 2011.·METHODS:The surgical reports of corneal grafts performed during 2002-2011,using tissues supplied by the Eye Bank of Piedmont(Italy),were reviewed retrospectively.Patient demographic data,date of intervention,indication for surgery,and surgical technique used were recorded.Surgical techniques included penetrating keratoplasty(PK),deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty(DALK)and endothelial keratoplasty(EK).Theχ2test was used to compare the distribution of indications and types of surgical technique used,for corneal grafts done during 2002-2006 versus those done during 2007-2011.·RESULTS:The number of corneal grafts increased by30.7%from 2002-2006 to 2007-2011(from 1567 to 2048).Comparing the two periods,both main indications and surgical techniques changed significantly.In 2007-2011,the proportion of interventions for aphakic/pseudophakic bollous keratopathy(from 16.8%to 21.3%),graft failure(from 16.4%to 19.1%)and Fuchs endothelial dystrophy(from 12.8%to 16.7%)all increased significantly(P<0.05),while those for keratoconus decreased significantly(from35.6%to 27.3%;P<0.001).In 2007-2011,the proportion of PK decreased significantly(from 92.4%to 57.2%;P<0.001)while that of EK and DALK went from 0.4%to30.2%(P<0.001)and from 7.2%to 12.6%(P<0.001)respectively.·CONCLUSION:During 2002-2011 the number of interventions increased significantly for corneal endothelial diseases and graft failure.The growing demand for interventions for these diseases corresponded to the widespread adoption of EK techniques.The use of DALK also increased,but more moderately than EK procedures.
文摘About 20000 gastrointestinal endoscopies are performed annually in America in pregnant women. Gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy raises the critical issue of fetal safety in addition to patient safety. Endoscopic medications may be potentially abortifacient or teratogenic. Generally, Food and Drug Administration category B or C drugs should be used for endoscopy. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy(EGD) seems to be relatively safe for both mother and fetus based on two retrospective studies of 83 and 60 pregnant patients. The diagnostic yield is about 95% when EGD is performed for gastrointestinal bleeding. EGD indications during pregnancy include acute gastrointestinal bleeding, dysphagia > 1 wk, or endoscopic therapy. Therapeutic EGD is experimental due to scant data, but should be strongly considered for urgent indications such as active bleeding. One study of 48 sigmoidoscopies performed during pregnancy showed relatively favorable fetal outcomes, rare bad fetal outcomes, and bad outcomes linked to very sick mothers. Sigmoidoscopy should be strongly considered for strong indications,including significant acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic diarrhea, distal colonic stricture, suspected inflammatory bowel disease flare, and potential colonic malignancy. Data on colonoscopy during pregnancy are limited. One study of 20 pregnant patients showed rare poor fetal outcomes. Colonoscopy is generally experimental during pregnancy, but can be considered for strong indications: known colonic mass/stricture, active lower gastrointestinal bleeding, or colonoscopic therapy. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) entails fetal risks from fetal radiation exposure. ERCP risks to mother and fetus appear to be acceptable when performed for ERCP therapy, as demonstrated by analysis of nearly 350 cases during pregnancy. Justifiable indications include symptomatic or complicated choledocholithiasis, manifested by jaundice, cholangitis, gallstone pancreatitis, or dilated choledochus. ERCP should be performed by an expert endoscopist, with informed consent about fetal radiation risks, minimizing fetal radiation exposure, and using an attending anesthesiologist. Endoscopy is likely most safe during the second trimester of pregnancy.
