陕西凤太拉分盆地构造变形样式与动力学及金-多金属成矿

陆-陆斜向碰撞过程中形成的拉分盆地及构造变形史、变形样式及动力学、流体大规模运移与构造岩相学记录等是值得重视的大陆动力学问题,也有助于对西秦岭卡林型-类卡林型金矿和多金属矿成矿规律的深入研究。西秦岭陕西凤县—太白县晚古生代拉分盆地是热水沉积-改造型多金属矿床和金矿集中区。本文采用构造-岩相学研究方法,对该拉分盆地的构造-热流体变形历史、变形样式及动力学、盆地流体驱动力等进行了研究,认为该拉分盆地构造变形史复杂,构造变形序列为:(1)石炭纪—中三叠世构造反转与热流体叠加改造期(DS1)。(2)印支期陆-陆全面斜向碰撞挤压体制下拉分盆地发生挤压收缩变形、断裂-褶皱作用、岩浆侵位形成热叠加改造和脆韧性剪切变形(DS2)。(3)燕山期陆内造山期构造断陷、岩浆侵位形成热叠加改造与脆性变形(DS3)。石炭纪—中三叠世反转构造样式为泥盆系发生分层剪切流变构造、热流体角砾岩化叠加构造岩相和南部温江寺—留凤关拉分断陷盆地。印支期—燕山期,该盆地内部构造变形样式有复式褶皱与压扭性断裂构造、脆韧性剪切带、逆冲推覆构造、反冲构造与冲起构造。在该盆地南北缘形成了对冲式逆冲推覆构造。盆地流体运移受构造变形驱动,在该盆地东部,印支期西坝复式中-酸性岩浆侵入提供了区域性热流体叠加改造的稳定热源场。研究认为"M-W"型复式背斜和断裂带控制了多金属矿床后期改造富集和矿体定位。反冲构造与冲起构造控制了金矿和多金属成矿分带。"W-M"型复式向斜和脆韧性断裂带控制了卡林型-类卡林型金矿的形成,其中,倒转向斜和脆韧性剪切带对于八卦庙类卡林型金矿多期多阶段富集成矿具有显著控制作用,温江寺卡林型金矿受复式向斜和脆性断裂带控制。

柴达木盆地北部碰撞构造与盆地改造变形

印度板块与亚洲板块在渐新世和中、上新世发生碰撞及持续的榨挤作用 ,所产生的远程效应 ,使南祁连造山带的逆冲岩席向柴达木盆地北缘逆冲推覆。在柴达木北部中、新生代盆地发生了二个世代的改造变形。从赛什腾—尕丘前渊断陷带的叠瓦状冲断层与断弯褶皱构造组合 ,到昆特依斜坡坳陷带的犁式逆掩断层与断展褶皱组合 ,直至鄂博梁—伊北一带的滑脱断层与滑脱褶皱构造组合 。

扬子板块海相中古生界盆地的递进变形改造

印支—早燕山期由于古特提斯洋盆的关闭,扬子板块大陆边缘受到了挤压与碰撞作用,在板内形成了江南-雪峰基底拆离体(A带),从SE向NW方向的大规模水平推挤作用使扬子板内中古生界盆地发生了由强及弱的递进(衰减)变形改造。在其前缘形成了高角度冲断层-断弯褶皱带(B带)、逆掩断层-断展褶皱带(C带)、滑脱断层-滑脱褶皱带(D带)、共轭冲断层-膝折褶皱带(E带)和古隆起-单斜带(F带);在其后缘则形成了滑覆断层-滑脱褶皱带(G带)。不同的构造变形区带具有不同的水平位移量、压缩变形量,不同的逆冲断裂、褶皱的空间配置和不同的构造圈闭类型、保存条件,因而控制了不同类型的油气聚集与分布。

改造型盆地类型划分

中国的沉积盆地一般都经历了多旋回复杂的演化，并遭受了多期次显著的后期改造，其中古生代盆地和中西部各时代盆地的后期改造尤为强烈，致使中国含油气盆地呈现出地质构造复杂，油气生成、成藏期次多和油气富集及分布规律变化大的特点。这是中国大陆的地质实际和盆地特色，也是中国油气勘探风险多、难度大、成本高的客观原因。根据盆地后期改造的主要动力学特征及改造形式，将改造型盆地分为抬升剥蚀、叠合深埋、热力改造、构造变形、肢解残留、反转改造和复合改造等７种类型。事实上，由于这些改造作用相互影响，改造形式有机相联，使盆地的改造大多不同程度地表现出复合改造的特点，甚至在一个较大型盆地的不同地区，同时发生的改造形式和动力作用也常因地而异，这是需要指出和值得重视的。

塔里木盆地北部早石炭世沉积体系域的基本特征

本文根据层序地层学的基本原理，对塔里木盆地北部下石炭统沉积体系域的基本特征进行了描述。实际资料表明，该套层系属于夹持在早、晚海西期两个构造运动不整合面之间的一个二级旋回层序，层序内部发育海侵体系域和高水位体系域，缺失低水位体系域沉积。有利于油气聚集的区块是海侵体系域的障壁砂坝和高水位体系域的潮道沉积。

改造型盆地与天然气勘探

随着油气工业的发展，天然气勘探将面对更深、更复杂的领域———改造型盆地。所谓改造型盆地是指形成较早、在其后的地质历史中受到较强烈剥蚀、变形并且叠加、深埋等改造作用的沉积盆地。与盆地改造相应的是油气生成、运聚的变化，多次生烃、成藏，古油气藏部分或全部被破坏以及次生油气藏的形成等。通过对我国主要含油气盆地改造状况的分析归纳，认为依据改造程度，可将我国４４个主要含油气盆地分为五大类：①上覆为基本未被剥蚀的原型盆地，下伏为保存大致完好的简单断陷或断坳结构；②上覆为基本未被剥蚀的原型盆地，下伏为复杂结构盆地，其中部分为剥蚀残留盆地，但构造破坏微弱；③上覆层已受到轻微剥蚀破坏，下伏层中主力生储岩系受到一定程度剥蚀分割和构造破坏；④上覆层受到严重的剥蚀分割，主力生储层系受到严重破坏；⑤全盆地各沉积层系均受剥蚀和构造破坏，常被分割成盆地群并被地下水氧化破坏。在此基础上提出下世纪天然气勘探总体指向有二：一是东部的挖潜和向新区带、新领域的开拓；二是中、西部的主要含气盆地。而不论是哪一个方向，其重点都是向勘探难度更大的改造型盆地发展。

西南天山中新生代盆地成矿流体运移规律

乌拉根铅锌矿床和萨热克铜矿床是西南天山中新生代盆地最有代表性的两个层控砂砾岩型矿床,乌拉根铅锌矿床产于下白垩统克孜勒苏群第五岩性段(K1kz5)的粗砂质细砾岩中,后期经历了弱的构造改造作用;萨热克铜矿床产于上侏罗统库孜贡苏组上段(J3k2)杂砾岩中,其北矿段后期经历了强烈的构造改造作用,南矿段可见岩浆热液蚀变作用后的褪色化及叠加成矿作用。为了研究成矿流体和岩浆热液在岩石中的运移规律,分别对上述两个矿区以沉积作用、构造改造作用和岩浆作用为主的代表性岩石测定了孔隙度和渗透率。测试结果表明乌拉根矿区岩(矿)石的孔隙度和渗透率总体比萨热克矿区岩石的孔隙度和渗透率要小;乌拉根铅锌矿区和萨热克铜矿区北矿段矿石的孔隙度和渗透率均小于下盘围岩的孔隙度和渗透率;萨热克铜矿区南矿段经历了岩浆热液蚀变,岩石的孔隙度和渗透率明显小于未受岩浆作用的岩石孔隙度和渗透率,且辉绿岩脉下盘岩石的孔隙度和渗透率明显小于上盘。同时通过岩(矿)石组构分析,上述岩(矿)石在成岩和成矿后孔隙度和渗透率的变化均与成矿流体或岩浆热液的作用密切相关。在西南天山中新生代层控型矿床中,当成矿流体沿切层断裂上升后会优先选择孔隙度和渗透率高的岩层进行渗滤、扩散、充填和交代作用。岩石中的砾石砾径越大,砾石间隙越大;岩石的硬度越大,其在后期构造变形中越容易形成构造裂隙,对成矿越有利,这也是造成萨热克铜矿北矿带中的金属硫化物颗粒明显大于乌拉根铅锌矿中金属硫化物的重要原因。上述结果表明沉积盆地中成矿流体或岩浆热液的成矿作用越强,岩石受其影响在成岩成矿后的孔隙度和渗透率越会变小,从岩石的孔隙度和渗透率可间接反映成矿过程中成矿作用的强弱,为寻找富矿体提供理论依据。

鄂西渝东区构造特征及其发展演化

鄂西渝东区区域构造呈“S”型展布，构造变形北强南弱。该区经历了多期次的构造活动。早燕山期的构造变形，自南东向北西逐渐减弱，晚燕山期至喜山早期的伸展改造对该区影响微弱，喜山中期挤压变形自北西向南东逐渐减弱。

《塔里木盆地西北缘河流阶地变形测量与地壳缩短速率》讨论

沈军等人[1]在<科学通报>第46卷第4期发表了<塔里木盆地西北缘河流阶地变形测量与地壳缩短速率>一文(以下简称<速率>). 他们发现了塔里木盆地西北缘阿图什背斜之上博古孜河更新世末期至全新世阶地的变形, 并进行了水准测量和GPS差分测量. 他们的研究获得了该地区第四纪晚期地壳缩短运动的直接证据, 对于研究塔里木盆地-天山盆山耦合具有重要的大陆动力学意义. 但是<速率>对于阶地变形构造机制的认识和对地壳缩短率的定量计算方法是值得商榷的, 因此写本文进行讨论.

Dual influence of the rejuvenation of Southern Tianshan and Western Kunlun orogen on the Cenozoic structure deformation of Tarim Basin,northwestern China:A superposition deformation model from Bachu Uplift

Based on new high-resolution seismic profiles and existing structural and sedimentary results, a superposition deformation model for Cenozoic Bachu Uplift of northwestern Tarim Basin, northwestern China is proposed. The model presents the idea that the Bachu Uplift suffered structure superposition deformation under the dual influences of the Cenozoic uplifting of Southern Tianshan and Western Kunlun orogen, northwestern China. In the end of the Eocene （early Himalayan movement）, Bachu Uplift started to be formed with the uplifting of Western Kunlun, and extended NNW into the interior of Kalpin Uplift. In the end of the Miocene （middle Himalayan movement）, Bachu Uplift suffered not only the NNW structure deformation caused by the Western Kunlun uplifting, but also the NE structure deformation caused by the Southern Tianshan uplifting, and the thrust front fault of Kalpin thrust system related to the Southern Tianshan orogen intrudes southeastward into the hinterland of Bachu Uplift and extends NNE from well Pil to Xiaohaizi reservoir and Gudongshan mountain, which resulted in the strata folded and denuded strongly. In the end of the Pliocene （late Himalayan movement）, the impact of Southern Yianshan orogen decreased because of the stress released with the breakthrough upward of Kalpin fault extending NE, and Bachu Uplift suffered mainly the structure deformation extending NW-NNW caused by the uplifting of Western Kunlun orogen.

Abrupt uplift of Tibetan Plateau at the end of early Pleistocene and Australasian impact event

The latest sharp uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent mountains occurred at the end of the early Pleistocene. The uplift of the Plateau resulted from Late Mesozoic--Cenozoic compressional structure due to the subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Asian continent. This event definitively effected the formation of basin-mountain relief, Cenozoic basin deformation, large scale aridity and desertification of western China. The Australasian meteorites impact event happened ca. 0.8 Ma ago, located in the triangle area of the Indian Ocean ridge (20°S/67°E). The impact may have resulted in an acceleration of speeding of the Indian Ocean ridge pushing the Indian Plate to subduct rapidly northward. Thus, the impact event can give reasonable explanation for the dynamic background of the latest rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the continental deformation of western China and even of the Middle Asia.

Regional Summer Temperature Decrease against Global Warming in China, Landform Effect?

The data of 16o national meteorological observatory （NMO） stations with long-term monthly temperature data for China were analyzed in this study to show the basin-centered summer temperature decrease against global warming in the past half century. The summer and winter isotherm structures of 1950s and 1990s worked out by interpolation show the isotherm structure variations： the isotherm structure generally moves northward in winter, but in summer it is characterized with separate high-temperature and low-temperature centers and the isotherm structure moves inward the centers with global warming, indicating that the temperature in the highland areas increases but that in the lowland areas decreases in the summer of the duration. The possible mechanism of the basin-centered temperature decrease in summer is discussed in this paper.

Cenozoic structural deformation and expression of the “Tan-Lu Fault Zone” in the West Sag of Liaohe Depression, Bohaiwan basin province, China

Based on the interpretation of 3D seismic data and structural mapping we analyzed the geometry and kinematics of the fault system and validated the expression of the"Tan-Lu Fracture Zone"in the West Sag of Liaohe Depression,Bohaiwan basin province.The Cenozoic structural deformation within the West Sag of Liaohe Depression can be divided into extensional structure system and dextral structure system.The extensional system is constituted by numerous NNE-NE trending Paleogene normal faults,where the Taian-Dawa fault(F1)is the master boundary fault(MBF)dominating the deposition during Paleogene so that the sag shows a complex half-graben with"boundary fault in the east and overlap in the west".The dextral system is constituted by 2–3 dextral basement faults in NNE-NE trending(F2,F3,F4)and associated structure,and the time of structural action started in Oligocene and continued to Quarternary so that some associated secondary faults of the dextral system cut off the Neogene and Quaternary.Under the influence of the position and attitude of NNE-NE trending basement strike-slip faults,the central north part and the south part of the West Sag show obviously different structural features.The former appears to be a complex"graben"structure limited by the reversed strike-slip fault in the west and bounded by the inverted normal fault in the east,the latter remains the complex half-graben structure with"boundary fault in the east and overlap in the west",and the graben was mildly reconstructed by one or two normal strike-slip faults.The dextral system within the West Sag is the element of the west branch fault of the Tan-Lu Fracture Zone,which is a deep fracture zone extending along the east of the Liaodongwan Gulf.The deep fracture zone branches off into two separate faults within the Liaohe Depression.The east branch goes through from northern part of the Liaodongwan Gulf to the East Sag of Liaohe Depression and links with the Denghua-Mishan Fault near Shenyang,and the west branch passes from northern part of the Liaodongwan Gulf to the West Sag and Damintun Sag of Liaohe Depression and links with the Yilan-Yitong Fault.The principal displacement zone of the west branch of the Tan-Lu Fracture Zone cuts off the master extensional fault(F1)within the West Sag of Liaohe Depression and induces many cover faults in EW trending within the Neogene and Quaternary.

Early Mesozoic structural deformation in the Chuandian N-S Tectonic Belt,China

The Helan-Chuandian N-S Tectonic Belt is a mantle transitional belt in China. The southem part, forming the Chuandian N-S Tectonic Belt, comprises several tectonic systems, each displaying different characteristics. The Chuandian N-S Tectonic Belt along the western margin of yangtze Block is a strike-slip tectonic belt with a series of echelon left-lateral slip faults. The strike-slip fault systems experienced two stages of structural deformation： early NW-SE striking thrust faults formed under a NE-SW compression stress field, and later sinistral strike-slip structures formed along thrust faults under a NW-SE compression stress field. Mesozoic basins developed between the left-lateral slip faults. Sedimentary facies and paleocurrent directions indicate that basin development was controlled by the strike-slip faults. The oldest strata in the Chuandian N-S Tectonic Belt constrain its formation to early Mesozoic. In fact, The slip tectonic belt formed by clockwise rotation and north-directed subduction-collision of the Yangtze Block in Late Triassic-Jurassic. The strike-slip faults that developed within the belt also formed at this time.

Salt-related structure and deformation mechanism of the Middle-Lower Cambrian in the middle-west parts of the Central Uplift and adjacent areas of the Tarim Basin

The salt beds of the Middle-Lower Cambrian are widespread in the middle-west parts of the Central Uplift and adjacent areas, the Tarim Basin. This paper presents the results of seismic interpretation and drilling data analysis, which discovered that the salt beds were formed in an old geologic age, deeply buried, with relatively small scaled flowing and gathering and uneven distribution. As the regional detachment layers, the salt sequences considerably control the structural deformation of the up-salt Paleozoic, forming a series of hydrocarbon traps. In due course, the salt beds of the Middle-Lower Cambrian provide excellent cap rocks and trap conditions; thus the value of exploring hydrocabon reservoir in the target strata of the sub-salt Sinian- Cambrian is greatly increased. Research has shown that the salt-related structures of the Middle-Lower Cambrian in the area mainly exist in the form of salt pillow, salt roller, up-salt anticline, salt diapir, assemblage of the salt arch and up-salt fault-block, assemblage of basement fault and salt anticline, assemblage of the basement fault-block and salt dome, assemblage of salt detachment and fault-related fold, and assemblage of basement fault-block, salt arch and up-salt imbricated thrusts. The evolution and deformation mechanisms of the salt-related structures are controlled largely by basement faulting, compressional shortening, plastic flowing and gathering, superstratum gravitation, and up-salt faulting and detaching. They are distributed in rows or belts along basement faults or fault block belts.