This paper analyzes the physicochemical properties of supercritical C02, the characteristic of shale gas and shale gas reservoirs. The technologies of drilling, production, fracturing using the supercritical CO2 in sh...This paper analyzes the physicochemical properties of supercritical C02, the characteristic of shale gas and shale gas reservoirs. The technologies of drilling, production, fracturing using the supercritical CO2 in shale gas explo- ration are proposed, to increase the penetration rate, decrease the damage to formation while fracturing, and enhance the recovery of shale gas. It is believed that the huge economic benefits of shale gas exploration with the supercritical CO2 fluid will be obtained, and it also can initiate a new technology field of CO2 in the petroleum engineering.展开更多
AREVA operates a world-wide unique thermal hydraulic platform to ensure high safety standards in the nuclear industries. This platform is operated as an accredited test and inspection body according to ISO 17025 and 1...AREVA operates a world-wide unique thermal hydraulic platform to ensure high safety standards in the nuclear industries. This platform is operated as an accredited test and inspection body according to ISO 17025 and 17020 to grant a high and independently confmned quality standard. The accreditation also ensures the independency of the organization and confidentiality to the individual stakeholders, for example research centers, utilities, components suppliers, engineering companies and vendors. Especially for nuclear power plants, it is very relevant to consider that reliability depends on the integrity of its components during its life time-from design through construction, operation and maintenance. For example, a typical NPP （nuclear power plant） has 1,000 to 2,000 large valves and 7,500 to 12,500 small valves, of which about 200 to 400 are designated Safety Class 1. The qualification of these Safety Class 1 components is relevant for reactor new builds but also for installed plants. This paper explains newly established qualification tasks, the corresponding testing infrastructure, and the state of the art of testing technology. By way of example, the paper describes the program and possible sequence of qualifying NPP safety-related components.展开更多
Pressure-induced legislation occasioned by media discourse is actually the result of an information deficit on the part of legislators. If legislators＇ information competency fails to meet the knowledge challenges of...Pressure-induced legislation occasioned by media discourse is actually the result of an information deficit on the part of legislators. If legislators＇ information competency fails to meet the knowledge challenges of the modem legal system and its activities, they will be powerless to resist the infiltration of media discourse. The result is that legislative activities are inextricably intertwined with the media; once a particular social issue is catapulted on to the media agenda, legislators have no choice but to fall into line, creating the phenomenon of pressure-induced legislation. The essential characteristic of law is its inherent constancy and stability, whereas pressure-induced legislation often loses the calmness, objectivity, prudence and comprehensiveness proper to law. Such legislative decision-making runs counter to the inherently rational mechanism of legislation and produces unfair and ineffective redistributive results. Pressure-induced legislation highlights the importance of information in public policy choices and institution design. It would be desirable for the whole legal system aimed at evaluating legislative performance to be introduced so as to provide legislators with a sufficient incentive to remodel their information competency and ensure the scientific nature and rationality of legislation.展开更多
基金Key Project of Chinese National Programs for Fundamental Research and Development(973 Program) (No. 2010CB226704)Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (No. 51034007 )+1 种基金the China National Petroleum Corporation Key Project Foundation (No. 2011A-4205)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No. 2011M500492)
文摘This paper analyzes the physicochemical properties of supercritical C02, the characteristic of shale gas and shale gas reservoirs. The technologies of drilling, production, fracturing using the supercritical CO2 in shale gas explo- ration are proposed, to increase the penetration rate, decrease the damage to formation while fracturing, and enhance the recovery of shale gas. It is believed that the huge economic benefits of shale gas exploration with the supercritical CO2 fluid will be obtained, and it also can initiate a new technology field of CO2 in the petroleum engineering.
文摘AREVA operates a world-wide unique thermal hydraulic platform to ensure high safety standards in the nuclear industries. This platform is operated as an accredited test and inspection body according to ISO 17025 and 17020 to grant a high and independently confmned quality standard. The accreditation also ensures the independency of the organization and confidentiality to the individual stakeholders, for example research centers, utilities, components suppliers, engineering companies and vendors. Especially for nuclear power plants, it is very relevant to consider that reliability depends on the integrity of its components during its life time-from design through construction, operation and maintenance. For example, a typical NPP （nuclear power plant） has 1,000 to 2,000 large valves and 7,500 to 12,500 small valves, of which about 200 to 400 are designated Safety Class 1. The qualification of these Safety Class 1 components is relevant for reactor new builds but also for installed plants. This paper explains newly established qualification tasks, the corresponding testing infrastructure, and the state of the art of testing technology. By way of example, the paper describes the program and possible sequence of qualifying NPP safety-related components.
文摘Pressure-induced legislation occasioned by media discourse is actually the result of an information deficit on the part of legislators. If legislators＇ information competency fails to meet the knowledge challenges of the modem legal system and its activities, they will be powerless to resist the infiltration of media discourse. The result is that legislative activities are inextricably intertwined with the media; once a particular social issue is catapulted on to the media agenda, legislators have no choice but to fall into line, creating the phenomenon of pressure-induced legislation. The essential characteristic of law is its inherent constancy and stability, whereas pressure-induced legislation often loses the calmness, objectivity, prudence and comprehensiveness proper to law. Such legislative decision-making runs counter to the inherently rational mechanism of legislation and produces unfair and ineffective redistributive results. Pressure-induced legislation highlights the importance of information in public policy choices and institution design. It would be desirable for the whole legal system aimed at evaluating legislative performance to be introduced so as to provide legislators with a sufficient incentive to remodel their information competency and ensure the scientific nature and rationality of legislation.
