陕北私盐黑市调查

盐滩220亩,盐井23口,5000余人每年出产有毒私盐600余吨……这个曾经为中国革命做出过特殊贡献的十里盐湾,如今已成为非法制贩私盐的“金三角”!政府无奈,盐民更无奈,而十多万长期食用毒盐的老百姓,却正在为这种无奈承付着生命的代价!

脱盐技术新突破

一种新型脱盐技术今年将会从实验室中走出，但对其应用前景有关行业仍心存犹疑。

Experimental Investigation of a Vertical Tubular Desalination Unit Using Humidification-Dehumidification Process

A vertical tubular desalination unit with shell and tube structure was built to perform humidification and dehumidification simultaneously on the tube and shell side of the column, respectively. The effects of several operating conditions on the productivity and thermal efficiency of the column were investigated. The results show that both the productivity and thermal efficiency of the column enhance with the elevation of the inlet water temperature. The flow rates of water and carrier gas both have optimal operating ranges, which are 10-30 kg·h^-1 and 4-7kg·h^-1 for the present column, respectively. Meanwhile, the increase of external steam flow rate will promote the productivity of the column but reduce its thermal efficiency.

Non-equilibrium State Salt-forming Phase Diagram：Utilization of Bittern Resource in High Efficiency

Salt-forming regions for a complex salt-water system in non-equilibrium state of evaporation process are usually different from those in solubility diagrams.To understand the solid-forming region of NaCl and improve the utilization of bittern resources,experiments were carried out to evaporate 20 representative mixture solution samples of Na ^＋,Mg ^2＋ //Cl^-, SO4^2--H2O system with an average evaporation intensity of（1.4±0.4） g·L^-1 ·min^-1（water） at boiling temperature 348 K,and determine the NaCl solid-forming regions in non-equilibrium state.Because of the complexity of salt-forming region,a maximal region and a minimal region were proposed to express the non-equilibrium state salt-forming region with different crystal seed,and a conditional salt-forming region was proposed to present the characteristic region of non-equilibrium salt-forming phase diagram.The areas of the maximal and minimal regions are 2.00 and 1.56 times those in solubility diagram,so it is possible to utilize bittern resources in high efficiency.The recovery rates of NaCl were 99.65%,93.14%,88.57%,72.76%,and 83.68%for six typical bittern sources from Tulantai Salt Lake（China）,Dongtai Salt Lake（China） ,Jilantai Salt Lake（China）,Qarun Salt Lake（Egypt） and seawater,respectively.It is testified that the non-equilibrium state salt-forming phase diagram can be used in industrial processes.

Some Problems of Irrigation Water Management in Lower Cheliff Plain （Algeria）

In the Lower Cheliff Plain （northwestern of Algeria）, the waters resources are limited; the adoption of a rational approach in the management of irrigation water in the irrigated perimeter poses an inequality in the balance between supply and demand. The two surface water resources, Gargar and Merdjet Sidi Abed dams, do not satisfy the requirements of agriculture water. According to the National Office of the Irrigation and Drainage data, the quantity of allocated water is never distributed; the difference between allocated water and drop water can also exceed 20%, and then, another problem of management is that the water losses in the distribution can reach 20% again. The shortage irrigation water resource allocated has constrained the farmers to use groundwater. The chemical analysis of 56 simples to this water showed a significant chemical diversity in the compositions. There is a high salinity risk （C3 class） or very high risk （C4 class） of soil salinisation. A space chart distribution to the EC water probability to exceed 2.25 dS/m interpolated by the indicator kriging method showed that 78% of the groundwater surface presents a significant probability to exceed this limit. The average value of the SAR （sodium adsorption ratio） is lower than 10 that indicates a moderate risk of sodisation. This observation is in contradiction with the high values of the SAR measured in the soil solution. The approach of residual alkalinity （RSC） shows that a good number of drillings analyzed presents a positive sign RSC （RSC 〉 0）. This water presents a real danger of sodisation. They have a low salinity, which, for a farmer, does not present any danger.

Execution of Measurements for Determining the Parameters Affecting the Thermochemical Treatment of Brine Treated Biomass and the Adsorption of Dyes

Brine is a solution of salt （usually sodium chloride） in water. In different contexts, brine may refer to salt solutions ranging from about 3.5% （a typical concentration of seawater, or the lower end of solutions used for brining foods） up to about 26% （a typical saturated solution, depending on temperature）. Adsorption onto activated carbon is the most widespread technology for the removal of pollutants from water and wastewaters. In this study, continuous fixed-bed-column systems were investigated. The adsorbents which authors use are： spruce （Picea abies） untreated, spruce modified by autohydrolysis. The column systems were filed with biomass at various initial dye concentrations, flow rates and bed-depths. The column kinetics of MB （Methylene Blue） adsorption on spruce （Picea abies） untreated, spruce modified by autohydrolysis was simulated. Economies arise when the facility that can use such adsorption materials is near a source of a lignocellulosic waste as agricultural residues, thus saving transportation cost and contributing to industrial ecology at local level.

Effect of Water Resources Allocation on Groundwater Environment and Soil Salinity Accumulation under Climate Change

The combined surface and groundwater allocation practice by wells and canals had contributed to the safety of groundwater environment and agriculture sustainable production. The typical area in the People＇s Victory Canal irrigation district was taken as a case, drawing together the irrigation district agriculture water consumption and precipitation from 1954 to 2014 in the People＇s Victory Canal irrigation district, ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount, dynamic of groundwater depth and hydrochemical characteristic of groundwater from 2008 to 2014 in the research area, the relationship between groundwater depth and ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount was analyzed, in order to ascertain the influence of precipitation on ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount and its effect on soil and groundwater environment. The results indicated that positive correlation between the ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount and annual precipitation was appeared, affected by climate change, average irrigation amount from surface in the recent 5 years was 2.90 x 108 cubic meters, accounted for 75.52% of total irrigation amount, on the other hand, decreasing tendency of precipitation was obvious, and groundwater depth dynamic in upstream of the branch canals was more dramatic than downstream because of surface water irrigation infiltration, under the unified condition of water use efficiency, ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount was negative correlation with area of the groundwater depth beyond 11 m, meanwhile, groundwater depth demonstrated negative correlation with the ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount, moreover, alkaline trend of groundwater hydrochemistry during the normal season in the research area was obvious because of phreatic evaporation and the agricultural irrigation from wells, along with irrigation from surface inflow of Yellow River, quality of groundwater hydrochemistry during the dry season was ameliorative greatly. Consequently, it was very important to the agriculture sustainable production that well-canal combined irrigation patterns alleviated extremely alkaline trend of the groundwater hydrochemistry and played a positive role of root layer soil salinity leaching.