厌氧正渗透MBR处理市政废水的效果及盐积累特性

针对污水低能耗处理与资源化技术需求,搭建了有效容积为2.2 L的浸没式厌氧正渗透膜生物反应器(AnOMBR),在35℃条件下进行了为期8天的实验,考察AnOMBR对市政废水的处理效果以及盐积累的特性。结果表明,由于膜污染和反应器中盐度的积累现象,水通量快速降低,在第6天FO膜通量由9.3 LMH降到2.14 LMH。在污染物去除方面,AnOMBR具有90%以上的TOC去除率,接近100%的TP去除率以及63.33%以上的氮去除率。由于混合液中的盐积累导致SMP和LB-EPS出现增长,但TB-EPS和电导率之间没有明显关联性。实验结束时,观察到厌氧污泥粒径变小,这可能会引起严重的膜污染。

不同施氮肥水平对白菜硝酸盐积累的影响

利用农田试验研究不同施氮肥水平对白菜生产期硝酸盐积累的影响。白菜生长期间两次施氮肥体内形成两个硝酸盐积累峰值。第一个峰值在施氮肥后 8～ 15 d左右 ,积累峰值较高。第一个峰值在第二次施肥后 2 0～ 30 d左右 ,但峰值较低且有的不明显。随着白菜的成熟 ,硝酸盐积累逐渐降低。总体上看 ,抗病高产的晚熟品种“龙协白 1号”各个生长期间硝酸盐的积累量都低于品质优良的中熟品种“东农 90 1”。采收后的白菜窖贮一个月后 ,较低施肥水平白菜体内硝酸盐含量有所减少 ,但高施肥水平 6 75 kg· hm- 2 的白菜有所回升。

马铃薯连作对土壤盐分积累及离子组成的影响

为了探明马铃薯连作的土壤障碍机理,减轻连作对块茎产量和植株生长的影响,通过大田试验,研究马铃薯连作年限对土壤表层（0～20cm）盐分积累和水溶性盐离子组成的影响.结果表明：马铃薯连作显著增加了土壤的全盐含量,连作3a（CP3）、4a（CP4）和5a（CP5）的土壤总盐量分别比对照（轮作,RP）增加了89.9%、155.6%和157.6%.随连作年限延长,土壤的电导率（EC）也随之升高,CP3、CP4和CP5分别比RP增加了41.7%、41.7%和56.3%.马铃薯连作增加了表层土壤中K^＋、Na^＋、Mg^2＋、Cl^-和HCO^3-的含量,其中以Na^＋和Cl^-的增加最为显著,CP3、CP4和CP5处理的Na^＋含量分别比RP增加了47.6%、52.4%和57.1%,最快,CP3、CP4和CP5的Cl^-分别比RP增加100.0%、150.0%和455.0%.马铃薯连作降低了表层土壤Ca^2＋的含量,CP3、CP4和CP5分别比RP降低了23.3%、32.1%和48.2%.连作3a（CP3）是马铃薯＂大西洋＂块茎产量大幅度下降的阈值点,同时也是表层土壤中全盐量超过3.0g/kg的起始点.表层土壤中盐分的积累及其组成的相对变化可能是导致甘肃中部沿黄灌区马铃薯＂大西洋＂连作障碍的重要原因之一.

不同氮水平下盐胁迫对大麦幼苗中某些氮化物积累的影响(简报)

在土培条件下,提高氮素供应水平和NaCl处理浓度后大麦幼苗地上部和根中的全氮,蛋白质氮和游离氨基酸总量增加;蛋白质氮占全氮的比值亦因NaCl处理浓度的增大而提高。在盐胁迫下,游离脯氨酸占氨基酸总量的百分比明显增加,而谷氨酸所占比例则下降。

接种丛枝菌根真菌对不同类型盐碱胁迫下向日葵生长及盐离子积累的影响

【目的】探讨接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对不同类型盐碱胁迫下向日葵生长和盐分离子积累的影响,为不同类型盐碱地的利用与生物修复提供基础数据和技术支持。【方法】采用温室盆栽的方式,【研究接种AM真菌摩西斗管囊霉Funneliformis mosseae处理对不同类型盐碱胁迫(CK、NaCl、NaCl+Na_(2)SO_(4)、NaCl+NaHCO_(3))下向日葵Helianthus annuus菌根侵染率、生物量、营养元素吸收、C:N:P化学计量比、Na^(+)吸收积累、光合作用以及细胞膜透性的影响。【结果】3种类型盐碱胁迫使得接种AM真菌F.mosseae向日葵菌根侵染率降低29.53%~47.31%。3种类型盐碱胁迫处理均在一定程度上抑制了向日葵的生长,抑制效果的顺序为NaCl+Na_(2)SO_(4)>NaCl+NaHCO_(3)>NaCl。接种AM真菌使得NaCl、NaCl+Na_(2)SO_(4)、NaCl+NaHCO_(3)盐碱胁迫下向日葵的总干质量分别增加了19.58%、42.15%和60.35%。接种AM真菌使CK、NaCl和NaCl+NaHCO_(3)处理茎叶P质量分数分别增加了82.50%、71.11%和74.47%,使CK和NaCl+NaHCO_(3)处理根系P质量分数分别增加了61.54%和88.37%;使CK和NaCl+NaHCO_(3)处理茎叶和根系C:P和N:P显著降低,使NaCl处理茎叶C:P和N:P显著降低。接种AM真菌使NaCl+NaHCO_(3)处理茎叶和根系Na^(+)积累量增加了33.76%和82.25%,使NaCl+Na_(2)SO_(4)处理根系Na^(+)积累量增加了74.20%。接种AM真菌使NaCl和NaCl+NaHCO_(3)处理叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)增加了11.67%和10.12%,使NaCl+NaHCO_(3)处理叶片气孔导度(Gs)增加了20.00%,使3种类型盐碱胁迫处理下叶片的净光合速率(Pn)均呈增加的趋势;使NaCl+NaHCO_(3)处理叶片细胞膜透性降低了51.49%。【结论】AM真菌可在一定程度上缓解盐碱胁迫处理对向日葵生长的毒害作用,但接种效应在不同类型盐碱胁迫间存在显著差异。

盐渍土壤生境中大果沙枣成年树离子吸收、运输和分配特征研究

为揭示盐渍土壤中大果沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia Linn.)树体矿质离子分布规律,保障大果沙枣高效种植和丰产栽培,以不同盐度土壤中生长的成年大果沙枣树为材料,测定并分析了其根、枝、叶中Na^(+)、K^(+)、Mg^(2+)和Ca^(2+)的吸收、运输和分配特征。结果表明:盐土土壤环境中,大果沙枣叶片对Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)具有较强的选择吸收能力,低盐(Ⅰ~Ⅱ级)土壤环境中,叶内Na^(+)含量明显上升,而至高盐(Ⅲ~Ⅳ级)中,根部对Na^(+)的吸收量明显高于枝和叶。随着林地土壤盐度的升高,K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)在枝部和叶部的积累量明显增大,矿质离子由根部向枝、叶部运输的能力在Ⅰ~Ⅲ级盐度土壤环境中逐渐增大,并在Ⅳ级盐度土壤环境中受抑。同时,根和枝中K+/Na^(+)和Mg^(2+)/Na^(+)值均是先增大后减小,叶中K+/Na^(+)、Mg^(2+)/Na^(+)变幅较小,根和叶中Ca^(2+)/Na^(+)变幅较大。大果沙枣成年树的盐适应机制主要是通过根对Na^(+)的聚积作用,叶对K^(+)、Mg^(2+)和Ca^(2+)的选择性吸收能力增强来实现的,同时也与枝中相对稳定的K^(+)、Na^(+)、Mg^(2+)和Ca^(2+)的选择性运输能力有关。

Protective Effects of Glycinebetaine on Brassica chinensis Under Salt Stress

Brassica chinensis L. were foliarly applied with glycinebetaine (GB), as this species is unable to synthesis GB and sensitive to osmotic stress such as salt. The exogenous GB was easily absorbed and transported by the leaf of B. chinensis . Its application (0-20 mmol/L) enhanced the plant tolerance to salt stress. The treatment of 15 mmol/L GB significantly decreased the Na + accumulation in leaf and root under NaCl stress. This difference in accumulating Na + and K + is caused by higher selectivity of root absorption. Furthermore, GB increased H +_ATPase activity of root plasma membrane evidently. This result strongly suggested that in root the decreased Na + accumulation was caused by the GB accumulation that enhanced the extrusion of Na + from the cell in some way through plasma membrane transporter, e.g. Na +/H + antiport driven by H +_ATPase. The GB application was also found to stabilize the plasma membrane, to decrease the loss of chlorophyll, and to stimulate the osmosis induced proline response under salt stress.

Effects of Amino Acids Replacing Nitrate on Growth,Nitrate Accumulation,and Macroelement Concentrations in Pak-choi (Brassica chinensis L.)

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to determine the influence of replacing 20% of nitrate-N in nutrient solutions with 20 individual amino acids on growth, nitrate accumulation, and concentrations of nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, and potassium （K） in pak-choi （Brassica chinensis L.） shoots. When 20% of nitrate-N was replaced with arginine （Arg） compared to the full nitrate treatment, pak-choi shoot fresh and dry weights increased significantly （P ≤ 0.05）, but when 20% of nitrate-N was replaced with alanine （Ala）, valine （Val）, leucine （Leu）, isoleucine （Ile）, proline （Pro）, phenylalanine （Phe）, methionine （Met）, aspartic acid （Asp）, glutamic acid （Glu）, lysine （Lys）, glycine （Gly）, serine （Ser）, threonine （Thr）, cysteine （Cys）, and tyrosine （Tyr）, shoot fresh and dry weights decreased significantly （P ≤ 0.05）. After replacing 20% of nitrate-N with asparagine （Asn） and glutamine （Gin）, shoot fresh and dry weights were unaffected. Compared to the full nitrate treatment, amino acid replacement treatments, except for Cys, Gly, histidine （His）, and Arg, significantly reduced （P ≤0.05） nitrate concentrations in plant shoots. Except for Cys, Leu, Pro, and Met, total N concentrations in plant tissues of the other amino acid treatments significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05）. Amino acids also affected total P and K concentrations, but the effects differed depending on individual amino acids. To improve pak-choi shoot quality, Gln and Asn, due to their insignificant effects on pak-choi growth, their significant reduction in nitrate concentrations, and their increase in macroelement content in plants, may be used to partially replace nitrate-N.

Nitrite Accumulation during the Denitrification Process in SBR for the Treatment of Pre-treated Landfill Leachate

The nitrite accumulation in the denitrification process is investigated with sequencing batch reactor （SBR） treating pre-treated landfill leachate in anoxic/anaerobic up-flow anaerobic sludge bed I（UASB）. Nitrite accumulates obviously at different initial nitrate concentrations （64.9,54.8,49.3 and 29.5 mg·L^-1 ） and low temperatures, and the two break points on the oxidation-reduction potential （ORP） profile indicate the completion of nitrate and nitrite reduction. Usually, the nitrate reduction rate is used as the sole parameter to characterize the denitrification rate, and nitrite is not even measured. For accuracy, the total oxidized nitrogen （nitrate ＋ nitrite） is used as a measure, though details characterizing the process may be overlooked. Additionally, batch tests are conducted to investigate the effects of C/N ratios and types of carbon sources on the nitrite accumulation during the denitrification. It is observed that carbon source is sufficient for the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, but for further reduction of nitrite to nitrogen gas, is deficient when C/N is below the theoretical critical level of 3.75 based on the stoichiometry of denitrification. Five carbon sources used in this work, except for glucose, may cause the nitrite accumulation. From experimental results and cited literature, it is concluded that Alcaligene species may be contained in the SBR activated-sludge system.

Effect of Sludge Retention Time on Nitrite Accumulation in Real-time Control Biological Nitrogen Removal Sequencing Batch Reactor

In this study,four sequencing batch reactors(SBR),with the sludge retention time(SRT)of 5,10,20 and 40 d,were used to treat domestic wastewater,and the effect of SRT on nitrite accumulation in the biological nitrogen removal SBR was investigated.The real-time control strategy based on online parameters,such as pH,dissolved oxygen(DO)and oxidation reduction potential(ORP),was used to regulate the nitrite accumulation in SBR. The model-based simulation and experimental results showed that with the increase of SRT,longer time was needed to achieve high level of nitritation.In addition,the nitrite accumulation rate(NAR)was higher when the SRT was relatively shorter during a 112-day operation.When the SRT was 5 d,the system was unstable with the mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)decreased day after day.When the SRT was 40 d,the nitrification process was significantly inhibited.SRT of 10 to 20 d was more suitable in this study.The real-time control strategy combined with SRT control in SBR is an effective method for biological nitrogen removal via nitrite from wastewater.

Salt-Water Transport in Unsaturated Soils Under Crop Planting: Dynamics and Numerical Simulation

A laboratory salt-water dynamics experiment using unsaturated soils in packed silt loam and clay soil columns withdifferent soil texture profiles and groundwater levels under crops were conducted to study the changes of salt-waterdynamics induced by water uptake of crops and to propose the theoretical basis for the regulation and control of salt-water dynamics as well as to predict salinity levels. The HYDRUS 1D model was applied to simulate the one-dimensionalmovement of water and salt transport in the soil columns. The results showed that the salts mainly accumulated in theplow layer in the soil columns under crops. Soil water and salt both moved towards the plow layer due to soil waterabsorption by the crop root system. The salt contents in the column with lower groundwater were mostly greater thanthose with high groundwater. The water contents in the soil columns increased from top to the bottom due to plant rootwater uptake. The changes in groundwater level had little influence on water content of the root zone in the soil columnswith crop planting. Comparison between the simulated and the determined values showed that model simulation resultswere ideal, so it is practicable to do numerical simulation of soil salt and water transport by the HYDRUS 1D model.Furthermore, if the actual movement of salt and water in fields is to be described in detail, much work needs to be done.The most important thing is to refine the parameters and select precise boundary conditions.

Salt-Water Dynamics in Soils: Ⅰ. Salt-Water Dynamics in Unsaturated Soils Under Stable Evaporation Condition

A long term simulation test on salt-water dynamics in unsaturated soils with different groundwater depths and soil texture profiles under stable evaporation condition was conducted.Salinity sensors and tensiometers were used to monitor salt and water variation in soils.The experiment revealed that in the process of fresh groundwater moving upwards by capillary rise in the column,the salts in subsoil were brought upwards and accumulated in the surface soil,and consequently the salinization of surface soil took place.The rate of salt accumulation is determined mainly by the volume of capillary water flow and the conditions of salts contained in the soil profile.Water flux in soils decreased obviously when groundwater depths fell below 1.5m.When there was an interbedded clay layer 30cm in thickness in the silty loam soil profile or a clay layer 100cm in thickness at the top layer,the water flux was 3-5 times less than in the soil profile of homogeneous silty loam soil.Therefore,the rate of salt accumulation was decreased and the effect of variation of groundwater depth on the water flux in soils was weakened comparatively.If there was precipitation or irrigation supplying water to the soil,the groundwater could rarely take a direct part in the process of salt accumulation in surface soil,especially,in soil profiles with an interbedded stratum or a clayey surface soil layer.

Characterization of the Growth,Chlorophyll Content and Lipid Accumulation in a Marine Microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta under Different Nitrogen to Phosphorus Ratios

Microalgal lipids are regarded as main future feedstock of biofuels for its higher efficiency of accumulation and sus- tainable production. In order to investigate the effect of various nitrogen to phosphorus ratios on cells growth, chlorophyll content and accumulation of lipids in Dunaliella tertiolecta, experiments were carried out in modified microalgal medium with inorganic nitrogen （nitrate-nitrogen） or organic nitrogen （urea-nitrogen） as the sole nitrogen source at initial N：P ratios ranging from 1：1 to 32：1. The favorable N：P of 16：1 in the nitrate-N or urea-N medium yielded the maximum cell density and specific growth rate. Decrease in chlorophyll content were observed at the N：P of 4：1 in both nitrate-N and urea-N cultures. It was also observed that the maximum lipids concentration was obtained at the N：P of 4：1 in both nitrate and urea nutrient medium. The lipid productivity and lipid content of cultures in the urea-N medium at the N：P of 4： lwere markedly higher than those from cultures with other N：P ratios （p〈 0.05）. The results of this work illustrate the possibility that higher ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus have enhancing effect on cells growth of D. tertiolecta. Conversely, higher lipid accumulation is associated with a decrease in chlorophyll content under lower ratios of nitro- gen to phosphorus. The results confirm the hypothesis of this study that a larger metabolic flux has been channeled to lipid accumu- lation in D. tertiolecta cells when the ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus drop below a critical level.

Cloning and nucleotide sequence of D-hydantoinase gene of marine polyphosphate-accumulating bacterium, Halomonas sp. YSR-3

Hydantoinase is involved in the production of optically pure amino acids from racemic 5-mono-substituted hydantoins. We measured the D-hydantoinase activity in marine Halomonas sp. YSR-3 and amplified the D-hydantoinase gene by PCR. The gene was inserted into vector pGM-T and transformed into E. coli TOP10. The positive transformants with the D-hydantoinase gene were sequenced. The sequenced fragment comprises 1 510 base pairs. The D-hydantoinase gene from YSR-3 is 77% similar to that from Pseudomonas entornophila L4 by searching against the NCBI databse. The protein product of the YSR-3 D-hydantoinase gene is 75%, 73%, and 70% similar to those from Pseudomonasfluorescens Pf-5, Marinornonas sp. MED121, and Burkholderia vietnamiensis G4, respectively. The difference of the D-hydantoinase gene between marine Halornonas sp. YSR-3 and other terrestrial organisms is distinct.

Effect of Water Resources Allocation on Groundwater Environment and Soil Salinity Accumulation under Climate Change

The combined surface and groundwater allocation practice by wells and canals had contributed to the safety of groundwater environment and agriculture sustainable production. The typical area in the People＇s Victory Canal irrigation district was taken as a case, drawing together the irrigation district agriculture water consumption and precipitation from 1954 to 2014 in the People＇s Victory Canal irrigation district, ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount, dynamic of groundwater depth and hydrochemical characteristic of groundwater from 2008 to 2014 in the research area, the relationship between groundwater depth and ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount was analyzed, in order to ascertain the influence of precipitation on ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount and its effect on soil and groundwater environment. The results indicated that positive correlation between the ratios of surface to groundwater irrigation amount and annual precipitation was appeared, affected by climate change, average irrigation amount from surface in the recent 5 years was 2.90 x 108 cubic meters, accounted for 75.52% of total irrigation amount, on the other hand, decreasing tendency of precipitation was obvious, and groundwater depth dynamic in upstream of the branch canals was more dramatic than downstream because of surface water irrigation infiltration, under the unified condition of water use efficiency, ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount was negative correlation with area of the groundwater depth beyond 11 m, meanwhile, groundwater depth demonstrated negative correlation with the ratio of surface to groundwater irrigation amount, moreover, alkaline trend of groundwater hydrochemistry during the normal season in the research area was obvious because of phreatic evaporation and the agricultural irrigation from wells, along with irrigation from surface inflow of Yellow River, quality of groundwater hydrochemistry during the dry season was ameliorative greatly. Consequently, it was very important to the agriculture sustainable production that well-canal combined irrigation patterns alleviated extremely alkaline trend of the groundwater hydrochemistry and played a positive role of root layer soil salinity leaching.

The influence of elevation on soil properties and forest litter in the Siliceous Moncayo Massif,SW Europe

Understanding the effects of elevation and related factors(climate,vegetation) on the physical and chemical soil properties can help to predict changes in response to future climate or afforestation forcings.This work aims to contribute to the knowledge of soil evolution and the classification of forest soils in relation to elevation in the montane stage,with special attention to podzolization and humus forms.The northern flank of the Moncayo Massif(Iberian Range,SW Europe) provides a unique opportunity to study a forest soils catena within a consistent quartzitic parent material over a relatively steep elevation gradient.With increasing elevation,pH,base saturation,exchangeable potassium,and fine silt-sized particles decrease significantly,while organic matter,the C/N ratio,soil aggregate stability,water repellency and coarse sand-sized particles increase significantly.The soil profiles shared a set of properties in all horizons:loamy-skeletal particle-size,extreme acidity(pH-H_2O<5.6) and low base saturation(<50%).The most prevalent soil forming processes in the catena include topsoil organic matter accumulation and even podzolization,which increases with elevation.From the upper to lower landscape positions of wooded montane stage of the Moncayo Massif,mull-moder-mor humus and an UmbrisolCambisol-Podzol soil unit sequences were found.

Storage and Subsequent Reactivation of Phosphate-Accumulating Aerobic Granules

Phosphate-accumulating aerobic granules cultivated in a sequencing batch reactor were composed of inner rod-shaped bacteria aggregates and outer twining filamentous bacteria. The influence of two-month storage under dif- ferent conditions on the storage and subsequent reactivation performance of aerobic granules was investigated. After two-month storage the granules sealed at 4 ~C in distilled water or normal saline （named granules A and granules B, respectively） could maintain their characteristics as before, while the granules idled in the reactor at room temperature （named granules C） exhibited decreased properties. During reactivation, granules A and granules B presented almost identical recovery performance, faster than granules C, in terms of phosphorus removal efficiency, mixed liquor sus- pended solids （MLSS）, phosphate release and accumulating ability. The results suggest that hermetical storage at low temperature promoted the maintenance of the granular properties and the reviving behaviors of phosphateaccumulating aerobic granules, and storage medium had little influence on the storage and recovery perfomlance.

Role of Carbon Substrates Added in the Transformation of Surplus Nitrate to Organic Nitrogen in a Calcareous Soil

Excessive amounts of nitrate have accumulated in many soils on the North China Plain due to the large amounts of chemical N fertilizers or manures used in combination with low carbon inputs. We investigated the potential of different carbon substrates added to transform soil nitrate into soil organic N （SON）. A 56-d laboratory incubation experiment using the 15N tracer （K15NO3） technique was carried out to elucidate the proportion of SON derived from accumulated soil nitrate following amendment with glucose or maize straw at controlled soil temperature and moisture. The dynamics and isotopic abundance of mineral N （NO3 and NH4＋） and SON and greenhouse gas （N20 and CO2） emissions during the incubation were investigated. Although carbon amendments markedly stimulated transformation of nitrate to newly formed SON, this was only a substitution effect of the newly formed SON with native SON because SON at the end of the incubation period was not significantly different （P 〉 0.05） from that in control soil without added C. At the end of the incubation period, amendment with glucose, a readily available C source, increased nitrate immobilization by 2.65 times and total N20-N emission by 33.7 times, as compared with maize straw amendment. Moreover, the differences in SON and total N20-N emission between the treatments with glucose and maize straw were significant （P 〈 0.05）. However, the total N20-N emission in the straw treatment was not significantly （P ~ 0.05） greater than that in the control. Straw amendment may be a potential option in agricultural practice for transformation of nitrate N to SON and minimization of N20 emitted as well as restriction of NO3-N leaching.

Alkaloid Accumulation in Catharanthus roseus Increases with Addition of Seawater Salts to the Nutrient Solution

A sand culture experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different seawater (5% and 10%) treatments on plant growth,inorganic ions,indole alkaloid concentrations and yields of Catharanthus roseus,in an effort to increase the alkaloid yield by artificial cultivation.The total fresh and dry weights and tissue K + concentrations decreased,but Na + concentrations increased in the plant roots,stems and leaves of C.roseus under seawater stress as compared to the control.The concentrations and yields of vindoline,catharanthine,vinblastine and vincristine increased under seawater stress.The concentrations and yields of these alkaloids were higher in 5% seawater-treated plants than those in the 10% seawater-treated plants.Considering the industrial production,5% seawater treatments could reduce the cost of producing alkaloid.In the control plants,the highest alkaloid concentrations reached a peak at 100 days after planting,suggesting that plant harvest must be optimized in terms of growth duration.