湖北监利西南部赣语人称代词的典型特征

湖北监利西南部方言归属赣语,属于西南官话和赣语的过渡区。本文旨在研究这个过渡区人称代词的典型特点,探讨在语言接触过程中,过渡区人称代词多种复数标记形式的并存现象,人称代词在领属语位置上的音变及其相关的语法功能,人称代词在领属语位置上复数形式单数化的类型学意义。

Failure precursor of surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel in high-steep rock slope

The stability of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel in the right bank slope of Dagangshan hydropower station, in the southwestern China, was analyzed by microseismic monitoring as well as numerical simulations. The realistic failure process analysis code （abbreviated as RFPA3D） was employed to reproduce the initiation, propagation, coalescence and interactions of micro-fractures, the evolution of associated stress fields and acoustic emission （AE） activities during the whole failure processes of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel. Combined with microseismic activities by microseismic monitoring on the fight bank slope, the spatial-temporal evolution and the micro-fracture precursor characteristics during the complete process of progressive failure of the surrounding rock mass around cross tunnel were discussed and the energy release law of the surrounding rock mass around the cross tunnel was obtained. The result shows that the precursor characteristic of microfractures occurring in rock mass is an effective approach to early warn catastrophic damage of rock mass around cross tunnel. Moreover, the heterogeneity of rock mass is the source and internal cause of the failure precursor of rock mass.

The Jinsha River Groundwater Observation Network and Discussion about Its Earthquake Precursor Monitoring Capability

A groundwater observational network for monitoring seismic precursors has been established at the reservoirs on the lower reaches of the Jinsha River in southwestern China, where a series of hydropower stations are under construction. It is the second network in China that is operated by enterprises with the purpose to observe and study earthquake precursors in reservoir areas. This paper presents the layout and technical constitution of the network, features of its observational wells and aquifers and the preliminary result of its experimental operation. Its capability to monitor seismic precursor is evaluated based on an analysis of the well-aquifer system as well as the multiple-monthly, monthly, daily and hourly variations of water levels and water temperatures observed by this network.

A Real-time Monitoring and Early Warning System for Landslides in Southwest China

Landslides not only cause property losses,but also kill and injure large numbers of people every year in the mountainous areas. These losses and casualties may be avoided to some extent by early warning systems for landslides. In this paper, a realtime monitoring network and a computer-aided automatic early warning system(EWS) are presented with details of their design and an example of application in the Longjingwan landslide, Kaiyang County, Guizhou Province. Then, according to principle simple method of landslide prediction, the setting of alarm levels and the design of appropriate counter-measures are presented. A four-level early warning system(Zero, Outlook, Attention and Warning) has been adopted, and the velocity threshold was selected as the main warning threshold for the landslide occurrence, but expert judgment is included in the EWS to avoid false alarms. A case study shows the applicability and reliability for landslide risk management, and recommendations are presented for other similar projects.

Detecting Effects of the Recent Drought on Vegetation in Southwestern China

The severest drought on record occurred in southwestern China from September 2009 until March 2010. In order to measure the impact the drought imposed on vegetation, we developed an evaluation indicator called the Vegetation Index Anomaly （VIA） based on MODIS/EVI. The tempo- spatial pattern of this impact was analyzed. Given that this impact may be modulated by many factors, the responses of different vegetation types （woodland, grassland and cropland）, and the spatial pattern of meteorological drought were also analyzed. Results show that more than 50% of vegetation suffered because of this drought event, but there was significant tempo-spatial variability in the range and intensity of impact. This variability may be caused by many factors. Of the three major vegetation types, cropland was the most sensitive to drought, followed by grassland and then woodland. In addition, meteorological factors （precipitation and air temperature） also played a role; however, obvious differences exist between the spatial distribution pattern of drought-stricken vegetation and that of meteorological drought, which further demonstrates the intervention of other factors besides meteorological factors. So compared to meteorological drought, the vegetation index may be more useful for measuring the actual intensity, duration and impact of drought events. The limitations of vegetation indices are also considered.

Monitoring traveling ionospheric disturbances using the GPS network around China during the geomagnetic storm on 28 May 2011

Larger-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances （LSTIDs） are studied using the total electron content （TEC） data observed from 246 GPS receivers in and around China during the medium storm on 28 May 2011. It is the first attempt to get the two-dimensional TEC perturbation maps in China. Two LSTID events are detected： one is in southwestern China before mid- night propagating from low to middle latitude to the distance of about 1200 km with the phase front extending to about 500 km, and the other is in northeastern China after midnight propagating from middle to low latitudes to the distance of about 1200 km with the phase front extending to nearly 1400 km. By using the multichannel maximum-entropy method, we get the propagation parameters of these two LSTIDs. The LSTID that occurs before midnight has a higher horizontal phase velocity and a larger damping rate corresponding to the after midnight LSTID, and this may be caused by the relatively large vertical back- ground TECo and high atmospheric temperature in the southwest of China before midnight. According to the variations of magnetic H component observed in high latitudes, the source region for the after midnight LSTID is likely to be located 1400-2600 km east of 140E and north of 42N; the before midnight LSTID is propably excited by the atmospheric gravity waves （AGWs） generated by the Joule heating of the equatorial electrojet.