In this paper, we deduce growth and covering theorem for f（x） by the othermeans where f（x） is strongly spiral-like mapping of type β with order α defined on UnitBall B of complex Banach space and still give gr...In this paper, we deduce growth and covering theorem for f（x） by the othermeans where f（x） is strongly spiral-like mapping of type β with order α defined on UnitBall B of complex Banach space and still give growth upper bound and distortionbound for subordinate mapping.展开更多
Anthropogenic activities and natural processes are continuously altering the mountainous environment through deforestation, forest degradation and other land-use changes. It is highly important to assess, monitor and ...Anthropogenic activities and natural processes are continuously altering the mountainous environment through deforestation, forest degradation and other land-use changes. It is highly important to assess, monitor and forecast forest cover and other land-use changes for the protection and conservation of mountainous environment. The present study deals with the assessment of forest cover and other land-use changes in the mountain ranges of Dir Kohistan in northern Pakistan, using high resolution multi-temporal SPOT-5 satellite images. The SPOT-5 satellite images of years 2004, 2007, 2010 and 2013 were acquired and classified into land-cover units. In addition, forest cover and land-use change detection map was developed using the classified maps of 2004 and 2013. The classified maps were verified through random field samples and Google Earth imagery(Quick birds and SPOT-5). The results showed that during the period 2004 to 2013 the area of forest land decreased by 6.4%, however, area of range land and agriculture land have increased by 22.1% and 2.9%, respectively. Similarly, barren land increased by 1.1%, whereas, area of snow cover/glacier is significantly decreased by 21.3%. The findings from the study will be useful for forestry and landscape planning and can be utilized by the local, provincial and national forest departments; and REDD+ policy makers in Pakistan.展开更多
Molecular and field studies suggest that Mbuna have limited migration range and are restricted by habitat discontinuities especially in areas where rocky habitats are separated by stretches of sand. This study estimat...Molecular and field studies suggest that Mbuna have limited migration range and are restricted by habitat discontinuities especially in areas where rocky habitats are separated by stretches of sand. This study estimated regional diversity of Mbuna in Lake Malawi. The estimated fl-diversity for all sites was 114.5 Mbuna suggesting that there was high level of allopatrism for the species complex. Sympatric index was low in the two regions of southern and northern lake and the observed high-end richness strongly correlated with minimum species richness. The sympatric index for the whole lake was 0.8, with non-monotypic species complexes showing declining values of sympatric index and the decline was dependent on the geographical scale of the area covered. The northern region sites had mean habitat ranking of 84.5% while the southern sites had habitat ranking of 56.7% supporting the observation that there are more rocky habitats in the northern part of the lake than in the southern. Implications of habitat ranking are discussed in terms of species abundance and richness.展开更多
The establishment of nature reserves is a key approach for biodiversity conservation worldwide. However, there is a lack of unified methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of nature reserves, particularly in China, ...The establishment of nature reserves is a key approach for biodiversity conservation worldwide. However, there is a lack of unified methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of nature reserves, particularly in China, the world′s most populous nation supporting some of the most valuable biodiversity hotspots in the world. In this study, we conducted a long-term and large-scale analysis of the effectiveness of 20 of the earliest nature reserves established in Hainan Province, an island home to among the highest concentration of plants and animals in China. Remote sensing imagery from 1988, 1998, and 2008 were analyzed to investigate the temporal and spatial changes of natural forests in these nature reserves and surrounding areas. We also conducted transition matrix analysis and principle component analysis to identify the driving factors that affect the protection effectiveness of nature reserves. The results were as follows: 1) During the 20-year period from 1988 to 2008, natural forests coverage of the 20 studied nature reserves dropped 2.34 percentage points, whereas the natural forests coverage dropped 11.31 percentage points in a 0–5 km outside reserve buffer and 9.36 percentage points in a 5–10 km outside reserve buffer, indicating a significant inhibitory effect of the nature reserves on the loss of natural forests. 2) Natural forests coverage dropped in 60% of the studied nature reserves during the 20-year period, suggesting a poor protection effectiveness of these reserves, while the coverage proportion showed some increase(0%/yr–5%/yr) in other reserves. 3) Expansion of rubber and pulp forests as part of a booming economy were the main factors affecting the effectiveness of the nature reserves for conserving natural forests in Hainan Province. The results of this study provide an important empirical basis for the protection of natural forests in Hainan Province, which can be used as a blueprint for nature reserve evaluation in other places in China.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China（10571044）
文摘In this paper, we deduce growth and covering theorem for f（x） by the othermeans where f（x） is strongly spiral-like mapping of type β with order α defined on UnitBall B of complex Banach space and still give growth upper bound and distortionbound for subordinate mapping.
基金akistan Space and Upper Atmospheric Research Commission(SUPARCO),for the provision of SPOT satellite imagesnational center of excellence in Geology(NCEG)+1 种基金University of Peshawar and Department of ForestryShaheed Benazir Bhutto University,Sheringal
文摘Anthropogenic activities and natural processes are continuously altering the mountainous environment through deforestation, forest degradation and other land-use changes. It is highly important to assess, monitor and forecast forest cover and other land-use changes for the protection and conservation of mountainous environment. The present study deals with the assessment of forest cover and other land-use changes in the mountain ranges of Dir Kohistan in northern Pakistan, using high resolution multi-temporal SPOT-5 satellite images. The SPOT-5 satellite images of years 2004, 2007, 2010 and 2013 were acquired and classified into land-cover units. In addition, forest cover and land-use change detection map was developed using the classified maps of 2004 and 2013. The classified maps were verified through random field samples and Google Earth imagery(Quick birds and SPOT-5). The results showed that during the period 2004 to 2013 the area of forest land decreased by 6.4%, however, area of range land and agriculture land have increased by 22.1% and 2.9%, respectively. Similarly, barren land increased by 1.1%, whereas, area of snow cover/glacier is significantly decreased by 21.3%. The findings from the study will be useful for forestry and landscape planning and can be utilized by the local, provincial and national forest departments; and REDD+ policy makers in Pakistan.
文摘Molecular and field studies suggest that Mbuna have limited migration range and are restricted by habitat discontinuities especially in areas where rocky habitats are separated by stretches of sand. This study estimated regional diversity of Mbuna in Lake Malawi. The estimated fl-diversity for all sites was 114.5 Mbuna suggesting that there was high level of allopatrism for the species complex. Sympatric index was low in the two regions of southern and northern lake and the observed high-end richness strongly correlated with minimum species richness. The sympatric index for the whole lake was 0.8, with non-monotypic species complexes showing declining values of sympatric index and the decline was dependent on the geographical scale of the area covered. The northern region sites had mean habitat ranking of 84.5% while the southern sites had habitat ranking of 56.7% supporting the observation that there are more rocky habitats in the northern part of the lake than in the southern. Implications of habitat ranking are discussed in terms of species abundance and richness.
基金Under the auspices of Nationwide Remote Sensing Survey and Evaluation on Ecological Environment Change in 2000–2010(No.STSN-04-00)
文摘The establishment of nature reserves is a key approach for biodiversity conservation worldwide. However, there is a lack of unified methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of nature reserves, particularly in China, the world′s most populous nation supporting some of the most valuable biodiversity hotspots in the world. In this study, we conducted a long-term and large-scale analysis of the effectiveness of 20 of the earliest nature reserves established in Hainan Province, an island home to among the highest concentration of plants and animals in China. Remote sensing imagery from 1988, 1998, and 2008 were analyzed to investigate the temporal and spatial changes of natural forests in these nature reserves and surrounding areas. We also conducted transition matrix analysis and principle component analysis to identify the driving factors that affect the protection effectiveness of nature reserves. The results were as follows: 1) During the 20-year period from 1988 to 2008, natural forests coverage of the 20 studied nature reserves dropped 2.34 percentage points, whereas the natural forests coverage dropped 11.31 percentage points in a 0–5 km outside reserve buffer and 9.36 percentage points in a 5–10 km outside reserve buffer, indicating a significant inhibitory effect of the nature reserves on the loss of natural forests. 2) Natural forests coverage dropped in 60% of the studied nature reserves during the 20-year period, suggesting a poor protection effectiveness of these reserves, while the coverage proportion showed some increase(0%/yr–5%/yr) in other reserves. 3) Expansion of rubber and pulp forests as part of a booming economy were the main factors affecting the effectiveness of the nature reserves for conserving natural forests in Hainan Province. The results of this study provide an important empirical basis for the protection of natural forests in Hainan Province, which can be used as a blueprint for nature reserve evaluation in other places in China.
