目观与心识的审美融通——《文心雕龙》潜存的文图关系理论

目观和心识是《文心雕龙》中一对紧密联系、相互融通的审美范畴,可从三个维度做细致阐发:就文章的源发而言,可见的物象经过作家的创造变成了可读的语象;就文章的创构而言,作家只有深入开掘内心,才能使其篇章展现麟凤龙虬般的文采;就文章的欣赏而言,古来作者的肉身早已不可见,但读者却可以即文求理,入其情想见其人。

“目观”文化与中国写人文论的统绪性

在中国传统文学及文论史上,味觉、听觉、视觉等感官感觉在抒情文论、叙事文论、写人文论建设中有着不同的功用和地位,并由此导致三种文论生发的不平衡性。随着诗骚文类的早熟,基于味觉审美的抒情文论得天独厚。就共同处于劣势与弱势的叙事文论与写人文论相较而言,前者尚且能够伴随着“史传”的叙述经验而有较大发展,后者则虽能有“绘画”写真经验支撑,但仍显得步履蹒跚。同时,传统“贵耳贱目”观念对偏于听觉审美的叙事文论发挥了助推作用,而偏于视觉审美的写人文论则主要得力于传统“目观”文化支撑,有幸兼得诗赋之“观物取象”与绘画之“传神写照”等文论观念哺育,至明清在戏曲小说批评中也获得了迅猛发展。随着人们对“画境”审美的不断追求,各种戏曲小说批评纷纷以“观象得意”“观画得趣”之类的评语来评赏写人文本,使得写人文论逐渐达到某种统绪性的境地。

观看之道:“观”的文化内涵及传统与现实意义

读图时代的观看方式变革,面临现代转型与传统碰撞的挑战与冲突,形成以机器、工具、媒介为中介的"物化"观看方式倾向,基于此有必要发掘利用中国古代"观"之道及其文化资源,通过对"观"的内涵外延及其语境、语用功能阐释,辨析观与看的关系及区别,确立文艺审美之"观"的多维一体观看视角,阐发观诗观乐与诗教乐教、目观与心观、外观与内观、静观与物观的关系逻辑,以观看之道建构中国特色观看方式的文化传统,揭示"人化"观看方式的文化人类学意义,达到以史为鉴、推陈出新的目的。

关于大学生创新思维和创新能力培养的思考

培养大学生的创新能力,是每个高等教育工作者必须直接面对并且已经直接面对的一个重大课题。创新思维是创新能力的核心和灵魂,创新能力的培养从根本上讲就是创新思维能力的培养。本文从创新思维的含义和特征、创新思维的社会需求、大学生创新思维的培养与训练等方面进行了粗浅的阐述。

The psychological teaching approach to basic foreign language teaching

Basic foreign language teaching for language majors plays a significant role in the process of foreign language teaching and is also a crucial stage in the training of foreign language talents. During the stage teachers should learn about students＇ learning motives and the beginners＇ psychological state to rouse students＇ interest and mobilize their initiatives so that students can change from passive learning to active learning. The teaching effects will thereby be substantially enhanced.

Descriptions of the Immature Stages of Three Species of the Tribe Ozophorini (Heteroptera:Lygaeidae:Rhyparochrominae) from China

Immature stages of 3 species of the tribe Ozophorini from China are described for the first time, they are Bryanellocoris orientalis Hidaka (3rd^5th instars), Primierus longispinus Zheng (4th^5th instars) and Vertomannus brevicollum Zheng (4th^5th instars). Abrief study on fine structure of pale spots on head, pronotum and abdomen of 5th instar nymph of Bryanellocoris orientalis Hidaka was also given.

On the sensitive areas for targeted observations in ENSO forecasting

Using the outputs from CMCC-CM in CMIP5 experiments,the authors identified sensitive areas for targeted observations in ENSO forecasting from the perspective of the initial error growth(IEG)method and the particle filter(PF)method.Results showed that the PF targets areas over the central-eastern equatorial Pacific,while the sensitive areas determined by the IEG method are slightly to the east of the former.Although a small part of the areas targeted by the IEG method also lie in the southeast equatorial Pacific,this does not affect the large-scale overlapping of the sensitive areas determined by these two methods in the eastern equatorial Pacific.Therefore,sensitive areas determined by the two methods are mutually supportive.When considering the uncertainty of methods for determining sensitive areas in realistic targeted observation,it is more reasonable to choose the above overlapping areas as sensitive areas for ENSO forecasting.This result provides scientific guidance for how to better determine sensitive areas for ENSO forecasting.

SMC-PHD based multi-target track-before-detect with nonstandard point observations model

Detection and tracking of multi-target with unknown and varying number is a challenging issue, especially under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR). A modified multi-target track-before-detect(TBD) method was proposed to tackle this issue using a nonstandard point observation model. The method was developed from sequential Monte Carlo(SMC)-based probability hypothesis density(PHD) filter, and it was implemented by modifying the original calculation in update weights of the particles and by adopting an adaptive particle sampling strategy. To efficiently execute the SMC-PHD based TBD method, a fast implementation approach was also presented by partitioning the particles into multiple subsets according to their position coordinates in 2D resolution cells of the sensor. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method for time-varying multi-target tracking using raw observation data.

AN IMPACT STUDY OF A NEW TYPE OF DATA OF ADAPTIVE OR TARGETING OBSERVATION ON TYPHOON FORECAST

There was a new concept of ‘adaptive or targeting observation’ in recent years, which is anadditional and targeting observation based on the existing and fixed observing network for the atmosphere on theimpacted region. Dropsonde is one of the important observing instruments in the adaptive or targetingobservation. In this paper, GRAPES, the next generation of numerical weather prediction system of China hasbeen used. The impacts on the typhoon Dujuan (No.200315) forecast in experiments with dropsonde have beenstudied and experiments on sensitivity have also been done. It was found that the forecasts of the elements havebeen improved obviously with the use of dropsonde, such as the path, the center location, and the intensity oftyphoon. It was also found in the sensitivity studies that the setting of deviation structure also has obviousimpacts on the forecast for typhoons. It is not true that the simulation is better when the proportion of the data ofdropsonde is larger in the course to modify the background.

ESO-based decoupling control with multi-objective optimization for boiler-turbine unit

A model-assistant extended state observer(MESO)-based decoupling control strategy is proposed for boiler-turbine units in the presence of unknown external disturbance and model-plant mismatch. For ease of implementation, the decoupling compensator is reduced to the proportion integration(PI) decoupler with the frequency domain analysis, where the decoupling error in collusion of uncertainties and disturbances can be estimated by the proposed MESO and then compensated. To decrease the sensitivity of the dynamic error for the decoupling control and fulfill various requirements of constraints, such as safety operation, energy conservation, emission reduction, etc., the plant is transmitted through a scheduled steady state region which is achieved from the optimized reference governor in advance. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can well suppress various disturbances including a decoupling error, and multi-objective optimization can meet multiple requirements with the premise of safety production.

Types of Ecological Revetments in Hydraulic Engineering

Compared with traditional bank protection, ecological revetments, as a new type of bank protection, can ensure the sustainable and healthy development of river ecology and has broad application prospects. In this paper, the design principles for ecological revetments and the factors that need to be considered in the selection of revetment plants were summarized; and the types of ecological revetments commonly used in water conservancy projects were summarized and classified according to the proportion of natural materials in revetment materials through domestic and foreign research and engineering examples, and their applicable scope and relevant merits were introduced. In conclusion, ecological revetments should get rid of its own limitations in the practical application process, and the river regulation scheme and revetment type should be selected comprehensively and flexibly combined with the status quo.

Tidally Induced Water Temperature Change in Artesian Wells

Water temperature observation in wells,as a precursor observation project in China,aims to capture stress-strain information during the preparation of earthquakes. The study of the water temperature tidal effect has important significance,for water temperature tidal effect is both a reflection of stress-strain in crust and an interference factor of precursor observations. With a view of thermal conditions in artesian wells,the paper holds that there are two mechanisms for interpreting tidally induced water temperature changes in artesian wells. Namely,thermal conduction mechanisms and thermal convection mechanism. The paper then derives the quantitative relationship between water temperature and tidal volumetric strain changes in an ideal artesian well. Finally,the water temperature tidal effect in the Benxi artesian well is analyzed. The results show that the water temperature tidal effect in Benxi well is the result of joint action of thermal conduction mechanism and thermal convection mechanism,in which thermal conduction mechanism plays a leading role.

Using Multi-destination ZTCM to Evaluate the Recreational Values of Cultural Sights:an Application to Jiayuguan,China

This study explained the importance of environmental protection in tourism development and illustrated the relationship between recreational resource valuation and environmental consideration.We compare different models of travel cost method and reiterates long-time existing problems of multi-destination and treats of time opportunity cost(TOC).Taking Jiayuguan's cultural sights as an example,we establish an updated method called multidestination zonal tourism cost method to evaluate the recreational values(RVs) of selected three cultural sights.We divide trip packages of Jiayuguan's tourists into 11 portfolios.Each portfolio can be seen as a separate commodity,and each commodity has its own demand curve.According to demand curves we can calculate consumer surplus(CS) of different portfolios of tourist destinations and later we sum up the total travel costs(including travel expenditure and TOC) and CS to come to the RVs of each portfolio.We then apply suitable proportions to calculate the RVs between different destinations in the portfolio.In the end,we add up all the RVs calculated for the objective destination.Using this method,we draw conclusions that Jiayuguan's RV in 2006 includes national and international values,summing up to 738.4762 million yuan.The tourist expenditure,CS and TOC of Jiayuguan is proportionating 62.96,32.28 and 4.76%,respectively.This study is also an example of non-market valuation of cultural tourism resources.

Conversation Table as an Environment for Re-Signification of Subjectivity and Identities in Portuguese as a Foreign Language

As foreign language teachers, we always wondered about the silence of our students during the lessons. However, after we started the project ＂Conversation Table in Portuguese＂ （CTP）, we realized that the students assumed a more active role during the interactions, probably due to the less hierarchical situation they were in. The CTP provided the students the opportunity to express themselves in a foreign language without the interdiction they felt inside the classroom. Within this new context, the lack of confidence they might have been facing when communicating in a foreign language started to disappear, giving place to a motivation to express what they felt in this ＂new＂ language. Therefore, the target language started to become a new locus, a new way that made them not feel scared, but free and curious to say things that they would not say in similar situations when communicating in their mother tongue. In other words, the foreign language can be the place where everything seems to be possible as we do not have the control or interdiction imposed by the social values presented in our society and manifested in our mother tongue. In this study, we analyze some discursive situations taken from a session of CTP in which the students show their new identities in the foreign language. The results show that acquiring another language is much more than acquiring new linguistic aspects of communication, but also giving birth to new identities that make us become new subjects.

Verification of Parameters of Major Historical Earthquakes in the North Yellow Sea

Based on existing historical data and observations from the Dalian seismic station,this paper rechecks the parameters of the three historical earthquakes of 1916,1917 and 1944 in the North Yellow Sea,near the Yalu River region.The results show that their relocated epicenters are located at contemporarily intense seismic active zones,consistent with the results derived from the data of the Dalian seismic station.The results are valuable in both revising earthquake catalogues and understanding the local background seismicity.

The Experience of Regional Planning of the CESP （Companhia Energetica de Sao Paulo）, Brazil

This article deals with the important experience of regional planning developed by the CESP （Companhia Energ6tica de Silo Paulo）, Brazil, through the implantation of its hydroelectric projects. The company accumulated a large experience in deploying and managing residential centers built to provide support to the works of their dams. The presence of urban planning was verified in all cases studied, with the participation of different professionals such as architects, planners, engineers and landscape designers, from inside or outside the company. This research shows that they used concepts derived from experiences as company towns of 19th century, the neighborhood unit, the garden city, the urbanistic assumptions from CIAM （Congr^s Internationaux d＇Architecture Moderne） and the TVA （Tennessee Valley Authority）.

Economic Sustainability Assessment of Groundwater Resources： Case Study of Hanoi, Vietnam

The most useful indicators should be established, designed and customized based on local issues of a target area. In order to establish groundwater sustainability indicators for the Vietnam capital, Hanoi, in this study, the sustainability assessment framework of groundwater resources from an economic perspective is proposed for the first time with the focus of Hanoi current groundwater problems. An AHP （Analytical Hierarchy Process） approach is employed to generate the main components （aspects and indicators） of this framework, because development of composite indicators is considered to be a best approach for sustainability evaluation. To do this, the current problems of Hanoi groundwater resources were carefully reviewed and explored to propose three main aspects （quantity, quality and management） and appropriately construct their 9 MESIs （Macroeconomic Sustainability Indicators）. As for the results, the sustainability indices of the quantity, quality and management aspects were appropriately assessed as good, excellent and good sustainability levels, respectively. As a result, the sustainability of Hanoi groundwater resources development is economically good, indicating that there has been a big effort to improve the groundwater sustainability from both sides, the local government and communities.

戴有人类面孔的实在论

一个指责另一个是“文化相对主义者”,而另一个则反唇相讥,认为对方与自己同处一个战壕却不愿承认。这就是普特南与罗蒂之间的论战。在我们外人看来,他们都是当代美国实用主义的同路人,而且他们之间旷日持久的论战,也促使了詹姆斯、杜威的实用主义在世纪之交的美国的复兴。如果说当今的美国哲学是实用主义占统治地位,估计没有人会否认。特别是奎因的工作使得分析哲学与实用主义得以结合,方才形成当今美国哲学的图景。这里选译的普特南的《载有人类面孔的实在论》部分和罗蒂的《普特南与相对主义的威胁》,将他们之间的分歧昭示天下;同时,陈亚军的文章叉为我们认识他们之间这场争论及对我们形成当今美国哲学的理解有所启发。

粤港澳大湾区科技园地域性设计研究综述

文章综述了大湾区科技园地域性设计的理论研究进展;基于科技园地域性设计实践分类标准,对案例的类型及特点进行梳理;提出研究展望,以期为我国高质量发展背景下科技园的地域性设计提供参考。

Methods, current status, and prospect of targeted observation

Targeted observation is an observation strategy by which the concerned phenomenon is observed. In geoscienee, targeted ob- servation is mainly related to the forecasts of weather events or predictions of climate events. This paper will first review the history of targeted observation, and then introduce the main methods used in targeted observation. The discussion on the theo- retical basis of targeted observation includes its advantages and limitations. After presenting the current situation of domestic and international targeted observations in atmospheric and oceanic sciences, the methods used for targeted observation, and their effect evaluation and testing are mainly discussed here. Finally, the author presents his suggestion about the prospect of further development in the field, and how to extend the method of targeted observation to deal with numerical model errors.