日本企業の対中国直接投資の課題に関する一考察——現地経営の販売現地化を中心として

経済環境の変動の中で、中国における日系企業は欧米企業や中国地場企業などとのさらなる激しい競争に巻き込まれるには間違いない。中国市場での成功を収めるには、日系企業は中国現地での生産優位性を維持するとともに、経営優位性の確立を求められる。今日、多くの日系企業は中国での販売現地化を図ろうにも、現実が厳しい。本文の目的は、中国の消費市場拡大伴い、競争が激化しつつある市場環境及び日米系企業の現地化状況などを踏まえ、マクロの視点から、日系企業の販売現地化の現状と問題点を分析して、その問題点の解決方策を探る。

Model and Practice of Vertical Greening in Nanchang City

Vertical greening is a new model to broaden urban green space in Nanchang City. Baded on the narration of the concept of vertical greening, all kinds of ways to carry out the vertical greening in Nanchang, as well as the available patterns, were explored by combining with the natural climatic conditions in Nanchang City, and then the current commonly used vertical greening plant varieties as well as their application value were introduced, which provided a new way of thinking for urban greening of Nanchang City.

仙茅货缺价格上涨

仙茅货缺价格上涨多年来一直市平价稳的仙茅，近年来市场逐渐转紧，价格步步扬升。每公斤市场价９２年为６～８元，９３年上涨到７～１１元，现又进一步涨至１１～１７元了。且市场仍然供不应求，不少地方常年处于脱销断档状态。仙茅俗称年棕、棕树参、仙茅参等，具有补肾...

Assessment of Direct Eco-value of Liangzi Lake

[Obective] This study amied to evaluate the direct usage value of Liangzi Lake, like plants and animal resources and water storage value. [Method] It was measured through the market value method. The physical environment was introduced and the productivity of the lake was investigated both through the literature materials and the investigations. The market value method was clarified in this paper as well as its operation process and the application fields. [Result] Based on the introduction of the current situation in Liangzi Lake, the direct usage value was estimated as 1.32 billion Yuan/year. Plant resources value was 318 million Yuan/year; animal resources value was 675 million Yuan/year; and water storage value was 325 million Yuan/year for the three parts. [Conclusion] This paper will attract more attention to the emphasis of the reasonable development of nature sources.

Study on regional material flow analysis of Chengyang District in Qingdao

Base on the framework of material flow analsis （MFA） proposed by Eurostat, this paper collected related data and conducted a regional MFA for the Chengyang Districgt in Qingdao. The indicators such as Direct Material Input（DMI）, Direct Material Consumption （DMC） and Exports are calculated or estimated for the period of year 1995 through 2004. Several derivable iudicators defining direct material productivity and material intenstiy are also evaluated and some valuable conclusions were drawn. DMI in absolute number increased from about 1645.9 kilotons in 1995to about 8052.5 kilotons in 2004. Imports contribute to about 47 to 69% of DMI, and the biggest component of imports is fossil fuel that approximatley accounts far 50% of imnports. DMI per capita of Chengyang District increased rapidly and reached 17. 4 tons in 2004. Compared with other five economies studied by WRI, material consumption intensity of Chengyang District is significantly lower than developed countries, which indicates that Chengyang District is still in a development stage The direct material productivity （actual GDP per DMI） increased 59.1% from 1995 to 2004 and has been higher than either of stadies in China, which indicates efficiency of resources utilization has improved obviously in Chengyang District. But there was significant increase in material input in the last decade, which shows that rapid increase of economy is highly dependent on requirement and consumption of natural resources. Therefore, in order to promote the sustainahility, it is essential to develop circular economy and improve utilization efficiency of resources.

Evaluating banking efficiency with data envelopment analysis:evidence from Chongqing,P.R.China

Data envelopment analysis was applied to determine relative efficiencies of state-owned and joint-stock banks in Chongqing,P. R. China,during the years 1996 to 2000. We found that state-owned banks have low levels of efficiency when compared with joint-stock banks,but some joint-stock bank branches have low efficiency scores. Efficiency difference testing by using the Mann-Whitney rank order statistic indicates that the efficiency gap between state-owned and joint-stock banks is insignificant,which is characteristic of regional banks. We also presented some factors that may affect bank efficiency,and offer suggestions to improve bank management and efficiency.

Chinese companies＇ outward internationalization to emerging countries： The case of Latin America

This paper aims to review and analyze the literature on the expansion of Chinese firms to Latin America. In order to achieve this objective, it first reviews the literature on the internationalization of Chinese MNCs, the theoretical frameworks discussed in the literature and the principal features of companies from China. Second, it describes the economic and political relations between the countries, specifically the threats and opportunities for Latin America and the trade and investment trends. The review shows that the majority of the current literature on Chinese MNCs has a focus on their expansion to developed countries, on the conceptual framework needed to understand this expansion, and on the competition for foreign investments from developed countries. As a result, the analysis makes evident that research gaps seem to exist in the following areas： （1） the relative value of Chinese companies＇ existing advantages, （2） the sustainability of these advantages once the lead, probably given by OEMs or JVs, had been exhausted, （3） research works based on quantitative and comparative data, （4） the motives for FDI, （5） the entry mode, configuration, control and strategy of Chinese companies investing in Latin America, and （6） the potential opportunities presented to European companies operating in Latin America.

Expansion of Technical Innovation and Demand Determines Production Organization Pattern in Strategic Emerging Industries——Taking Example of TFT-LCD Industry

Taking the evolution process of TFT-LCD industry as an example,this paper applied history-friendly model to analyze the effect of technology innovation and learning,and market demand growth and fluctuation on the evolution of production organization pattern in strategic emerging industries.Our research indicates that:(1) when market demand maintains linear growth,continuous technology innovation capabilities of vertically integrated enterprises in leading position of an industry are the key factor in deciding whether dominant production organization pattern will shift from vertical integration to specialization;(2) when market demand is in cyclical fluctuation,the technology learning capabilities of specialized enterprises in catch-up position are the key factor in deciding whether dominant production organization pattern will shift from vertical integration to specialization;(3) when market demand growth is under cyclical fluctuation,if the relative gap between technology innovation capabilities of vertically integrated enterprises and technology learning capabilities of specialized enterprises remains constant,the phase when industry cycle moves from trough to plateau is the best time window for specialized enterprises to catch up with and overtake vertically integrated enterprises.Hence,policy design supporting the development of strategic emerging industries should give full consideration to factors like market demand environment and technology innovation and learning capabilities of domestic enterprises.

Damping controller design based on FO-PID-EMA in VSC HVDC system to improve stability of hybrid power system

Wind energy sources have different structures and functions from conventional power plants in the power system.These resources can affect the exchange of active and reactive power of the network.Therefore,power system stability will be affected by the performance of wind power plants,especially in the event of a fault.In this paper,the improvement of the dynamic stability in power system equipped by wind farm is examined through the supplementary controller design in the high voltage direct current(HVDC)based on voltage source converter(VSC)transmission system.In this regard,impacts of the VSC HVDC system and wind farm on the improvement of system stability are considered.Also,an algorithm based on controllability(observability)concept is proposed to select most appropriate and effective coupling between inputs-outputs(IO)signals of system in different work conditions.The selected coupling is used to apply damping controller signal.Finally,a fractional order PID controller(FO-PID)based on exchange market algorithm(EMA)is designed as damping controller.The analysis of the results shows that the wind farm does not directly contribute to the improvement of the dynamic stability of power system.However,it can increase the controllability of the oscillatory mode and improve the performance of the supplementary controller.

Naturalization of Landscaping Woody Plant, Magnolia obovata Potentially Invasive Species

Magnolia obovata, a tree species native to Japan, is a traditional landscaping tree that has also been introduced to various countries. M. obovata individuals have recently emerged in non-planting areas in Korea, prompting us to investigate its distribution by establishing Dosolsan in an urban forest of Daejeon City as the target site. In order to determine its naturalization, the study explored the status of population growth by examining the diameter at breast height of the individuals, and diameter diminution quotient was calculated. Cores of the trees were collected, and the age distribution was estimated by regression analysis. Reproduction possibility was analyzed by verifying the flowerblooming and fruit-bearing. Spontaneous colonization was investigated in the other potential sites which have different location and environment, respectively.The diameter distribution showed a reverse J-shaped curve, and the diminution quotient was ≥ 1.8. The population was composed of different generations,thus confirming the growth of the population. The distributed M. obovata grew and flowered normally,and followed a normal life cycle. The same phenomenon was observed in other planting areas,residual forests in urban or rural areas, alluvial islands, and mountain forests. The continuous spread of M. obovata in new ecosystems may be attributable to its long-term distribution by birds, relatively fast growth, and maturity time. Investigations on the naturalization and spread of M. obovata in Korea, as well as in various countries, are warranted.

Efficiency of Land Utilizationand Urbanization Progress of China

Urbanization is a process that is undergoing all over the world, which will speed up in the forthcoming years, especially in China as the boom of economy. On average, urbanization level is not only depended on the speed, but theefficiency, particularly efficiency of using land resource which affects urbanization directly. This paper provided status quo of land resource utilization efficiency, indictors, methods and factors, and illustrated the reference of well land utilization, aiming at fostering urbanization in China.

The Impact of the Host Country Corruption on Inward FDI

Globalization creates investment opportunities for enterprises worldwide. FDI is one of the traditional options to expand into international markets. According to Dunning＇s ownership, location, and internationalization paradigm FDI location is driven by the search for markets, resources, efficiency, and strategic assets. Corruption can be considered as a significant factor of the attractiveness of a location and can affect also other OLI conditions. Most of the theoretical literature as well as case study and microeconomic evidence support the notion that corruption negatively impacts inward FDI flows and growth. However the macroeconomic evidence is not so unambiguous Some macro-studies do not detect any significant negative relationship between corruption and FDI. The aim of the paper is to analyze the relationship mechanism between corruption and FDI and to evaluate the impact of the host country corruption on inward FDI flows. The results of the empiric analysis presented in the paper provide evidence of the significant negative impact of host country corruption on inward FDI. One of the main benefits from the decrease of corruption level is quantitatively valued as an additional inward flow of the foreign capital in the economy. The econometric analysis is based on panel dataset that includes data for 178 economies during the period of 2004 to 2009. The Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index is used as a proxy for host country corruption level

The mediating role of export-oriented Japanese foreign direct investment in China

Since the early 1990s, China has become the largest destination of Japanese foreign direct investment （FDI）. Observing this trend, the authors analyzed whether Japanese FDI did promote exports from China to the rest of the world, and more importantly, whether this is a strategy adopted by Japanese multinationals to penetrate not only the Chinese market but also the global market. This analysis takes into account not only the direct effects of FDI on exports, but also the indirect effects, by examining the mediating role of export oriented Japanese FDI in China from 1998 to 2007 through panel analysis. The study contributes to the conceptual framework of indirect relationship among the macroeconomic variables, FDI and exports provides some insights into the strategy of export oriented Japanese FDI in creating a win-win platform for Japan and China.

Vertical axis wind turbine with omni-directional-guide-vane for urban high-rise buildings

A novel shrouded wind-solar hybrid renewable energy and rain water harvester with an omni-directional-guide-vane(ODGV) for urban high-rise application is introduced.The ODGV surrounds the vertical axis wind turbine(VAWT) and enhances the VAWT performance by increasing the on-coming wind speed and guiding it to an optimum flow angle before it interacts with the rotor blades.An ODGV scaled model was built and tested in the laboratory.The experimental results show that the rotational speed of the VAWT increases by about 2 times.Simulations show that the installation of the ODGV increases the torque output of a single-bladed VAWT by 206% for tip speed ratio of 0.4.The result also reveals that higher positive torque can be achieved when the blade tangential force at all radial positions is optimized.In conclusion,the ODGV improves the power output of a VAWT and this integrated design promotes the installation of wind energy systems in urban areas.

Management of Foreign Market Entry： A Study of Czech Companies

Internationalization of company activities is the necessity of the development for majority of entrepreneurial subjects in the Czech Republic. Internationalization of entrepreneurial activities becomes a tool of business competitiveness. Selecting the right foreign entry mode is an important decision, which demands a lot of resources and thorough planning. The factors influencing company＇s choice of entry mode are divided into two main groups subsuming--external and internal factors. External factors consist of determinants regarding the company＇s environment while the intemal ones are determined by the company＇s specific factors. The opening of new markets such as in the Czech Republic has created the potential for small and medium-size enterprise （SME） expansion and investment. The objective of this paper is to present an application of the entry modes of the selected Czech entrepreneurial subjects. The companies included in the study are those that have undertaken internationalization activities and are incorporated in the Czech Republic. There were a total of 297 enterprises that participated in the research. The research method was an oral questioning and the main instrument was a questionnaire. A relatively low degree of Czech companies that have undergone intemationalization has resulted in the dominance of the least advanced forms of internationalization expansion, mainly exports with a small share of more advanced forms of foreign direct investments and a very low level of forms of international cooperation. Czech companies are in decision about the choosing the foreign entry mode influenced by the many factors. The greatest influence on the choice of foreign entry mode has entry mode variables. Entry mode variables constitute variables assessment characteristics of particular entry mode.

Evaluation of Spatial and Vertical Variability of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Sewage-Irrigated Soil in Tongliao, China

The reuse of wastewater for the irrigation of farmlands is gaining popularity, and the nutrient leaching associated with wastewater irrigation is becoming a matter of concern. The variability of nitrogen and phosphorus frac- tions in wastewater-irrigated soil was investigated in both horizontal and vertical directions in Kongjiaxiang, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China. The results showed that wastewater irrigation resulted in the concentrations of available N and P being 40.36% and 66.49% higher, respectively, than those with groundwater irrigation. Different forms of N and P exhibited significantly different distribution pattems. Higher concentrations of NO~ and total available N, as well as of those of Ca-P and total available P were observed near wastewater irrigation channels. Ca-P has a spatial distribu- tion pattern similar to that of available P. The concentrations of NO3 and NH4 were the highest in top soil and de- creased with depth. The complex interactions between nitrate leaching and nitrogen transformation processes （e.g., nitrification, denitrification, and mineralization） determined the vertical profile of NO3. The significant amount of NH~ loss inhibited its deep seepage. The Ca-bound compound contained more P than other inorganic fractions as a result of high Ca levels throughout the soil profile. The differences in the concentrations of Ca-bound P at different depths could be due to the upward flux or translocation of Ca from subsurface to surface soil and the sequestration of P.

珍奥杯大连市消费者喜爱的食品品牌调查启动

在3·15即将到来之际,市经信委发出通知,要求各基层有关方面组织落实开展珍奥杯大连市消费者喜爱的食品品牌调查活动。市经信委通知说,为落实国务院办公厅、工信部和辽宁省关于消费品工业“三品”专项行动文件精神,承接中国食品工业协会举办的全国消费者喜爱的食品品牌调查活动,建立食品企业、产品品牌和消费者之间的互动平台，帮助食品企业建立完善的消费者数据库，提高企业品怦建设和管理能力。

中国中学生作文大赛在沪颁奖

2008年4月29日下午,由中华全国学生联合会办公室、中国作家协会儿童文学委员会及中国少年儿童报刊工作者协会中学报刊专业委员会共同主办,由全国七十余家中学报刊承办的2007～2008"恒源祥文学之星"中国中学生作文大赛颁奖典礼在上海隆重举行。大赛由全国政协副主席周铁农担任组委会名誉主席,著名国学大师文怀沙担任总顾问。

成功从梦想开始

有一句很经典的广告词:“人类失去联想,世界将会怎样?”同样,对一个人、一个民族来说,如果没有梦想,世界将呈现怎样一种景象呢?不敢想。从孩提时代起,每个人都有梦想,有的想当文学家,有的想当歌星,有的想当飞行员,有的想当科学家。梦想没有高下之分,而且有梦的日子是快乐的,所以儿童便是世上最快乐的人。但是随着年龄的增长,日子变得越来越实际,有的人要为柴米油盐发愁,有的要为房子票子操心,尤其是生儿育女以后,很多人便像田间的老牛一样被套上了重轭。梦?连想想这个字眼都觉得奢侈。只有个别人在午夜失眠的时候,脑海中可能会闪观出儿时梦想的一些片断,但时过境迁,他们已不再为梦激动,不再为无梦可惜。

斑马

亲爱的斑马先生 见字如面 我昨晚梦见你了 我们一起结伴去远方 我和你以前说起过 世界的尽头吗 那列生了锈的绿火车 那个圆形的废墟