长沙五一广场出土东汉木牍“直符”文书解析

长沙五一广场出土东汉木牍中,有三枚与值班制度相关,可以帮助我们了解东汉时期值班之执行情况、责任人、交接日期、案情处理等详细情况,从而揭示汉代官吏日常值班的职责与程序等重要史实。

略论东汉“直符”及其举劾犯罪的司法流程

五一广场东汉简牍新见有以“直符”身份举劾犯罪的较为完整的司法记录，反映出东汉行政机构的“直符”具有检举不法、纠察犯罪的职责和义务；同时也反映出东汉诉讼程序在各类诉讼层面的适应性及普遍性。对新见简牍资料从制度和程序层面进行研读，有益于对东汉当值制度的微观认知，也有益于对东汉“特殊”种类司法诉讼程序的具体流程进行梳理和解读。

漢代地方行政中的直符制度

本文結合傳世文獻、居延漢簡與新公布的五一廣場東漢簡牘,討論漢代地方行政中的直符制度。直符史在當值期間的舉劾職責,不但有固定的範圍,而且有穩定的機制,有助維持地方政府的日常運作。

宋元道教科仪中的“直符”神

“直符”制度是汉代官方保障各级行政机构正常运转的一项重要举措。汉代官方的“直符”制度及其神学化倾向对后世道教产生了深刻影响。宋元道门科仪文献中出现了数量众多的“直符”神,较为常见者有“五帝直符”“三界直符”“四直功曹”“六甲直符”“十二支直符”等。通过梳理宋元道书文献中的相关记载,我们可以还原这些“直符”神在道门斋醮仪式中扮演的神学角色及其担负的宗教职能。

四值功曹、三界直符使者与四驿使者的图像辨析

四值功曹、三界直符使者和四驿使者都是道教神系中的基层神祇,后来也被吸纳到佛教法事和民间信仰体系中,虽然在宗教神系中三者的地位并不高,但是在沟通人神的科仪活动中不可或缺。现存宗教图像中四值功曹、三界直符使者和四驿使者题材广泛存在,目前对其身份的辨析却存在一定混淆。通过从现存此类宗教图像和图像使用仪式相结合的角度分析,讨论三组神祇图像的基本特征及其所处的图像环境,可以明晰三者出现混淆的原因。

汉代“直符”观念的神秘化

“直符”制度是汉代官方保障各级行政机构正常运转的一项重要举措。自东汉开始,民间社会对“直符”观念不断予以神秘化,乃至演变成为一股思想潮流。当时的民众认为代表时间、方位上的禁忌并预示着吉凶祸福的神煞也要轮值当班。这种神煞“直符”的观念不仅影响了土木营造等事宜,还渗透到丧葬礼俗领域,进而抽象化为一种普适性概念,遂成为数术学、星占学的重要考虑指标。此外,东汉末兴起的道教在创立初期就援引和借鉴了汉代官员轮流担任“直符史”的做法,建构出具有鲜明宗教特征的神学化“直符”观念,并延续到后世。

明万历“阳券”探析

在中国古代民间经济活动中,应用最多、最广泛的契约形式,莫过于地契了,而“阳券”形式却是见之甚少。因此,现存廊坊市文物商店的一具“阳券”,为我们提供了一个研究古代土地契约的新领域。 “阳券”系青砖质,呈正方形,边长45厘米,厚7.5厘米,墨地填硃色,阴纹刻制。正面直行楷文,左上角突出“阳券”两个大字(照1)。背面有阴纹符篆(照2)。左则为五个半形字“存永远为对”。(照3)

On the Laplacian Spectral Radius of Trees

Some sharp upper bounds of Laplacian spectral radius of trees in terms of order,diameter,pendant vertex number,covering number,edge covering number or total independence number are given.And the ninth to thirteenth largest values of Laplacian spectral radius over the class of trees on a given order are also given.

Symmetry Reductions and Group-Invariant Solutions of (2+1)-Dimensional Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon-Kotera-Sawada Equation

With the aid of symbolic computation, we present the symmetry transformations of the (2+1)-dimensionalCaudrey-Dodd Gibbon-Kotera-Sawada equation with Lou's direct method that is based on Lax pairs. Moreover, withthe symmetry transformations we obtain the Lie point symmetries of the CDGKS equation, and reduce the equation withthe obtained symmetries. As a result, three independent reductions are presented and some group-invariant solutions ofthe equation are given.

Finite Symmetry Transformation Groups and Some Exact Solutions to(2+1)-Dimensional Cubic Nonlinear Schrdinger Equantion

Making use of the direct method proposed by Lou et al. and symbolic computation, finite symmetry transformation groups for a （2＋ l）-dimensional cubic nonlinear Schrodinger （NLS） equation and its corresponding cylindrical NLS equations are presented. Nine related linear independent infinitesimal generators can be obtained from the finite symmetry transformation groups by restricting the arbitrary constants in infinitesimal forms. Some exact solutions are derived from a simple travelling wave solution.

Novel histogram descriptor for global feature extraction and description

A novel histogram descriptor for global feature extraction and description was presented. Three elementary primitives for a 2×2 pixel grid were defined. The complex primitives were computed by matrix transforms. These primitives and equivalence class were used for an image to compute the feature image that consisted of three elementary primitives. Histogram was used for the transformed image to extract and describe the features. Furthermore, comparisons were made among the novel histogram descriptor, the gray histogram and the edge histogram with regard to feature vector dimension and retrieval performance. The experimental results show that the novel histogram can not only reduce the effect of noise and illumination change, but also compute the feature vector of lower dimension. Furthermore, the system using the novel histogram has better retrieval performance.

长沙五一广场东汉简牍“张雄等不以征逮为意不承用诏书案”竹简文书试析

前言长沙五一广场东汉简牍(以下简称为“五一简”)392号木牍、421号木牍、437号木两行简、2187号木牍记录同一个刑事案件。^(1)这个案件的罪犯是临湘县的五个官员,他们没有按照长沙郡的命令去抓捕一个证人,为此以“不以征逮为意,不承用诏书”之罪被处刑。本文称之为“张雄等不以征逮为意不承用诏书案”(后简称“张雄等不承用诏书案”)。因告发(即“劾”)这个案子的官员是直符户曹史盛,也有学者把这一系列文书称为“直符户曹史盛举劾文书”。^(2)

“身怀六甲”的道教文化意蕴

身怀六甲是人们在日常生活中指称女子怀孕的成语。这个成语频繁地出现在明清以来的杂剧小说中,如《东周列国志》、《镜花缘》等等,可见在当时就已经成为市井的俗语。从字面上看,“六甲”似应是胎儿的代称,可为什么以“六甲”指代胎儿,人们却不甚明了。

Symmetry Transformation and New Exact Multiple Kink and Singular Kink Solutions for (2+1)-Dimensional Nonlinear Models Generated by the Jaulent-Miodek Hierarchy

In this paper, we consider a system of （2＋2）-dimensional nonlinear models by using CK direct method and Hereman-Nuseir method generated by the Janlent-Miodek Hierarchy. We construct some new multiple kink and singular kink solutions of （2＋1）-Dimensional Nonlinear Models with the aid of symbolic computation.