相互认知环境下人称指示照应的选择和理解

在交际过程中双方互明的共知环境称为相互认知环境,它为交际和理解直接提供所有必需的信息。对言语交际中人称指示照应的理解起主要作用的是构成听话者认知环境的一系列假设。说话者旨在改变听话者的认知环境,使听话者通过推理获得其信息意图和交际意图,达到互明。因此,说话者在话语中使用人称指示照应时,必须对听话者的认知环境进行估计,选择与听话者认知环境最具关联性的人称指示词,以使听话者激活认知环境中的相关语境假设,推理出人称指示照应所指,进而获得说话者的信息意图和交际意图。成功的交际也使交际双方的相互认知环境得以扩大。

论幽默交际中的认知环境

本文应用斯珀伯和威尔逊创立了关联理论,从认知和交际的视角来分析幽默交际中的认知环境。认为如果一个人的认知环境大,就有可能与幽默者的相互认知环境也大,就更容易理解说话者的幽默意图和获得幽默效果,幽默交际就能成功进行。反之,就可能会出现幽默交际困难,甚至是失败。

Embodied Cognition From the Perspective of Vygotsky’s Socio-cultural Theory

Embodied cognition is an approach to cognition that departs from traditional Descartes’ mind-body dualism for its emphasis on bodily interactions with the environment. The paper firstly describes three distinctive features of embodied cognition. Furthermore, from the perspective of philosophical methodology, the paper outlines Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory and his contributions to the development of cognitive science. Three basic themes of Vygotsky’s writings are specifically described： genetic forces as a foundation of the study of mind, social origin of higher mental functioning, and mediation of sign systems in inter-mental and intra-mental functioning. Against the background of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, we further discuss the interface between embodied cognition and Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory. It is claimed that bodily states and body-environment interactions are closely connected to sense-making. Embodied cognition should emphasize on the unity of body, mind, and cultural environment. Finally, the paper concludes with the influence of sociocultural theory on the study of embodied cognition.