相变动力驱动技术在智能电器中的应用研究

以材料相变过程产生的能量为技术原理研发了一种新型的高能量密度、小体积、低成本、高可靠性的微型驱动器件(MPA),用于实现现有断路器的电控合闸驱动。介绍了MPA工作原理、研究进展以及在智能电器中的应用模型结构,为智能电器的设计开发探索出一个新的方向。

Formation and evolution characteristics of bcc phase during isothermal relaxation processes of supercooled liquid and amorphous metal Pb

The formation and evolution characteristics of bcc phase during the isothermal relaxation processes for supercooled-liquid and amorphous Pb were investigated by molecular dynamics simulation and cluster-type index method （CTIM）. It is found that during the relaxation process, the formation and evolution of bcc phase are closely dependent on the initial temperature and structure. During the simulation time scale, when the initial temperature is in the range of supercooled liquid region, the bcc phase can be formed and kept a long time; while it is in the range of glassy region, the bcc phase can be formed at first and then partially transformed into hcp phase; when it decreases to the lower one, the hcp and fcc phases can be directly transformed from the glassy structure without undergoing the metastable bcc phase. The Ostwald＇s ＂step rule＂ is impactful during the isothermal relaxation process of the supercooled and glassy Pb, and the metastable bcc phase plays an important role in the precursor of crystallization.

High Pressure Phase Stability of Ti with Self-consistent ab initio Lattice Dynamics Approach

The traditional quasiharmonic approximation cannot predict the phase diagram of Ti accu- rately, due to the well-known soften phonon modes of the β-Ti. By means of self-consistent ab initio lattice dynamics （SCAILD） method, in which the effects of phonon-phonon in- teractions are considered, the phonon dispersion relations at finite temperature for Ti are calculated. From the phonon dispersions, we extrapolat the acoustic velocities and harmonic elastic constants. The dynamical stable regions and phase diagram of Ti are also predicted successfully. The results show that SCAILD method can be designed to work for strongly anharmonic systems where the QHA fails.

Molecular dynamics study on temperature and strain rate dependences of mechanical tensile properties of ultrathin nickel nanowires

Based on the EAM potential, a molecular dynamics study on the tensile properties of ultrathin nickel nanowires in the （100〉 orientation with diameters of 3.94, 4.95 and 5.99 nm was presented at different temperatures and strain rates. The temperature and strain rate dependences of tensile properties were investigated. The simulation results show that the elastic modulus and the yield strength are gradually decreasing with the increase of temperature, while with the increase of the strain rate, the stress--strain curves fluctuate more intensely and the ultrathin nickel nanowires rupture at one smaller and smaller strain. At an ideal temperature of 0.01 K, the yield strength of the nanowires drops rapidly with the increase of strain rate, and at other temperatures the strain rate has a little influence on the elastic modulus and the yield strength. Finally, the effects of size on the tensile properties of ultrathin nickel nanowires were briefly discussed.

Dynamics of phase transformation of Cu-Ni-Si alloy with super-high strength and high conductivity during aging

The precipitation behaviors of the Cu-Ni-Si alloys during aging were studied by analyzing the variations of electric conductivity.The Avrami-equation of phase transformation kinetics and the Avrami-equation of electric conductivity during aging were established for Cu-Ni-Si alloys,on the basis of linear relationship between the electric conductivity and the volume fraction of precipitates,and the calculation results coincide well with the experiment ones.The transformation kinetics curves were established to characterize the aging process.The characteristics of precipitates in the supersaturated solid solution alloy aged at 723 K were established,and the results show that the precipitates areβ-Ni3Si andδ-Ni2Si phases.

Co-extraction of valuable metals and kinetics analysis in chlorination process of low-grade nickel-copper sulfide ore

To efficiently co-extract Ni and Cu from low-grade nickel-copper sulfide ore,chlorination roasting with NH;Cl followed by a water leaching process was investigated.The results show that 98.4%Ni and 98.5%Cu can be synchronously extracted when the ore particle size is 75-80μm,the roasting time is 2 h,the mass ratio of NH;Cl to ore is 1.6:1 and the roasting temperature is 550°C.The evolution behavior of various minerals was elucidated using X-ray diffraction(XRD)coupled with scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The kinetics of the chlorination process based on the differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis(DTA-TG)data was analyzed by Kissinger method and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)method.The chlorination process of low-grade nickel-copper sulfide ore mainly contains two stages:the decomposition of NH;Cl and the chlorination of ore.The maximum apparent activation energies(Ea)at two stages are determined to be 114.8 and 144.6 kJ/mol,respectively.The condensed product of exhaust gas is determined to be ammonium chloride,which can be recycled as the reactant again,making the process economic and clean.

Critical Spreading of Active Region in a Ladder Model Possessing Infinite AbsorbingStates

The spreading of active region of the ladder model is simulated. Finite-time scaling behaviors are observedin the vicinity of the critical point.

Effects of tensile temperatures on phase transformations in zirconium by molecular dynamics simulations

The effects of tensile temperatures ranging from 100 K to 900 K on the phase transition of hexagonal close-packed(HCP)zirconium were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations,which were combined with experimental observation under high resolution transmission electron microscopy.The results show that externally applied loading first induced the HCP to body-centered cubic(BCC)phase transition in the Pitsch-Schrader(PS)orientation relationship(OR).Then,the face-centered cubic(FCC)structure transformed from the BCC phase in the Bain path.However,the HCP-to-BCC transition was incomplete at 100 K and 300 K,resulting in a prismatic-type OR between the FCC and original HCP phase.Additionally,at the temperature ranging from 100 K to 600 K,the inverse BCC-to-HCP transition occurred locally following other variants of the PS OR,resulting in a basal-type relation between the newly generated HCP and FCC phases.A higher tensile temperature promoted the amount of FCC phase transforming into the BCC phase when the strain exceeded 45%.Besides,the crystal stretched at lower temperatures exhibits relatively higher strength but by the compromise of plasticity.This study reveals the deformation mechanisms in HCP-Zr at different temperatures,which may provide a better understanding of the deformation mechanism of zirconium alloys under different application environments.

Microstructure Evolution at Different Cooling Rates of Low Carbon Microalloyed Steels

In low carbon microalloyed steels （C 〈 0.1%）, the content of V, Nb and Ti affects the phases transformation kinetic during cooling in the rolling process. The final microstructure determines the required mechanical properties such as high formability, high toughness and adequate strength. For this reason it is relevant to identify and determine the volume fraction of the ferrite, bainite and martensite present in the structure. The microalloying elements： V, Nb and Ti promote carbides precipitation during cooling. The precipitates control the grain size refinement during hot rolling process and the mechanical properties of the steel. In this sense it is necessary to increase the knowledge on the microstructure evolution at different cooling rates. In this paper, the results obtained on two low carbon microalloyed steels （with C contents between 0.11%-0.06%） are reported. An integrated methodology including dilatometry in combination with microscopy techniques was applied. By EBSD （Electron Backscatter Diffraction） technique and microhardness measurements, the structural study was completed. Through a thermodynamic simulation using Fact Sage the type of precipitates in the studied steels structure at the temperature range between 950 ℃ and 450 ℃, were predicted. The information on the evolution of the steel structure at rolling process conditions is relevant to consider changes in processing conditions.

Transitional Process of Ploy（N-isopropylacrylamide） in Deuterated Solution

The fast phase-transitional process of ploy（N-isopropylacrylamide） （PNIPAM） in deuterated solution was studied by laser induced temperature jump technique combined with time-resolved mid-infrared absorbance difference spectroscopy on nanosecond level. The multi-peaks of amide I＇band of PNIPAM among the energy range of 1565-1700 cm^-1 was experimentally resolved to three groups （i, ii, iii） for the first time, while the distinct threestage procedure in the phase transitional process of long-chain PNIPAM was observed firstly too. Furthermore, proper assignments were also made for the three group peaks in amide I＇band and the three steps in the kinetics process of long-chain PNIPAM.

Ising Model on an Infinite Ladder Lattice

In this paper we propose an Ising model on an infinite ladder lattice, which is made of two infinite Ising spin chains with interactions. It is essentially a quasi-one-dimessional Ising model because the length of the ladder lattice is infinite, while its width is finite. We investigate the phase transition and dynamic behavior of Ising model on this quasi-one-dimessional system. We use the generalized transfer matrix method to investigate the phase transition of the system. It is found that there is no nonzero temperature phase transition in this system. At the same time, we are interested in Glauber dynamics. Based on that, we obtain the time evolution of the local spin magnetization by exactly solving a set of master equations.

Austenite formation during intercritical annealing in C-Mn cold-rolled dual phase steel

Two different kinds of experimental techniques were used to in-situ study the austenite formation during intercritical annealing in C-Mn dual phase steel. The microstructure evolution was observed by confocal laser scanning microscope, and the austenite isothermal and non-isothermal transformation kinetics were studied by dilatometry. The results indicate that banded structure is produced for the reason of composition segregation and the competition between recrystallization and phase transformation. Austenite prefers to nucleate not only at ferrite/ferrite grain boundaries, but also inside the grains of ferrite.Furthermore, the austenitizing process is accomplished mainly via migration of the existing austenite/ferrite interface rather than nucleation of new grains. The incubation process can be divided into two stages which are controlled by carbon and manganese diffusion, respectively. During the incubation process, the nucleation rate of austenite decreases, and austenite growth changes from two-dimensional to one-dimensional. The partitioning coefficient, defined as the ratio of manganese content in the austenite to that in the adjacent ferrite, increases with increasing soaking time.

Dynamics of Entanglement of Qutrit-Qutrit States with Stochastic Dephasing

The effect of stochastic dephasing on the dynamics of entanglement of qutrit-qutrit states is investigated by using negativity and bound entanglement defined with realignment criterion, From the analysis, we, find that the time evolution of quantum free entanglement and bound entanglement depends on the fluctuations of the stochastic variables and the parameters of the particular initial states of concern. Our results imply that some qutrits states display both distillability sudden death and entanglement sudden death, while some states do not display distillability sudden death but only entanglement sudden death.

Vibration compaction characteristics of rock filling embankment

The dynamic model experiment of the rock filling embankment was carried out to investigate the vibration compaction mechanism. The rock filling materials were compacted by the plate-vibrated compactor, and the characteristics of the rock filling materials, such as settlement, pressure change and response waveform, were measured by the dynamic earth pressure gauge and aceelerometer. Moreover, a new method for detecting the compactness of the rock filling embankment was proposed based on the maximum dry density and modulus of deformation. The results show that the process of vibration compaction includes compact, elastic deformation and loose stages, and the vibratory pressure transfers to the surroundings from the vibration center in non-linear rule. Furthermore, the test results obtained by the present method are basically in agreement with those obtained by the traditional method, and the maximum relative error between them is about 0.5%.

Suspension roasting process of vanadium-bearing stone coal:Characterization,kinetics and thermodynamics

The thermodynamics,kinetics,phase transformation,and microstructure evolution of vanadium-bearing stone coal during suspension roasting were systematically investigated.Thermodynamic calculations showed that the carbon in the stone coal burned and produced CO_(2) in sufficient oxygen during roasting.The mass loss of stone coal mainly occurred within the temperature range from 600 to 840℃,and the thermal decomposition reaction rate increased to the peak at approximately 700℃.Verified by the Flynn−Wall−Ozawa(FWO)and Kissinger−Akahira−Sunose(KAS)methods,the thermal decomposition reaction of stone coal was described by the Ginstling−Brounshtein equation.The apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factors were 136.09 kJ/mol and 12.40 s^(−1),respectively.The illite in stone coal lost hydroxyl groups and produced dehydrated illite at 650℃,and the structure of sericite was gradually destroyed.The surface of stone coal became rough and irregular as the temperature increased.Severe sintering occurred at the roasting temperature of 850℃.

Deconfinement Phase Transition Including Perturbative QCD Corrections in (Proto)neutron Star Matter

Deconlinement phase transition and neutrino trapping in （proto）neutron star matter are investigated in a chiral hadronic model （also referred to as the FST model） for the hadronic phase （HP） and in the color-flavor-locked （CFL） quark model for the deconlined quark phase. We include a perturbative QCD correction parameter αs in the CFL quark matter equation of states. It is shown that the CFL quark core with K^0 condensation forms in neutron star matter with the large value of αs. If the small value of αs is taken, hyperons suppress the CFL quark phase and the liP is dominant in the high-density region of （proto）neutron star matter. Neutrino trapping makes the fraction of the CFL quark matter decrease compared with those without neutrino trapping. Moreover, increasing the QCD correction parameter as or decreasing the bag constant B and the strange quark mass ms can make the fraction of the CFL quark matter increase, simultaneously, the fraction of neutrino in protoneutron star matter increases, too. The maximum masses and the corresponding radii of （proto）neutron stars are not sensitive to the QCD correction parameter αs.

Automatic Organization, Thinking Motion and Dynamics of the Universe

There are many automatic organization phenomena and automatic organization unities in the universe. The automatic organization whole refers to a life body with the thinking. The thinking is the core of automatic organization. The thinking is at eternal restless motion and binds to substances. The universe, organism and society are the automatic organization unities or life systems with the thinking. The thinking can perceive, attract, drive, organize and control all individuals and it is a force of life structure or universal gravitation and universal repulsion. The thinking has a life structure, a template and dynamic of entity-life＇s automatic organization. Life body has five dynamic systems： the thinking motion and information flow, breathing motion, closed-loop current （particle flow） and energy flow, interaction among state-varying, state-stabilizing and control organizations and active ＆ automatic chemical-physical reactions, cardiac pulsation and active motion and transportation. Human, galaxies and society can change from low to high energy state initiatively. This is realized by controlling the desires of life entity via the thinking and breathing motions and by altering the body＇s binding forces dominating the life entity （in turn, by bond force, strong interaction and quark confinement）. All forces in the universe present in the universe of life： force of the thinking-universal gravitation and universal repulsion, electromagnetic interaction, bond force, strong interaction, quark confinement and weak interaction. Under the automatic organization of the thinking, these forces bind into a 4-season＇ whole. The united state of these forces is controlled by the thinking and breathing motion, which is capable of changing from 3-, 2- and 1-dimensional states to a 0-dimensional state.

The Phase Transition during Post Annealing

We have studied why PA （post-annealing） takes a long time to restore damaged crystallinity, which corresponds to repeat 10 10 times of lattice vibrations. Using a MD （molecular dynamics） simulation, we monitored the time-series of the LRO （long-range order） parameter as LRO pattern, in the case of a type IIa diamond, from the beginning of ion impact by a sub-keV N2 beam implantation to a few nanoseconds, i.e., close to the feasible time limit for MD simulations. Due to the ion impact, the LRO parameter changed gradually from ＂LRO = 1＂ （crystal） to ＂LRO = 0＂ （amorphous）, showing the so-called critical slowing-down phenomenon. However, since PA was started the LRO pattern was not unique. The LRO patterns were grouped into more than three types of phases and the transition between them was also found. From the viewpoint of statistical dynamics, such chaotic variations in the LRO pattern may present that the system is a GCM （globally coupled map） of a complex system in a closed system. A GCM composed of coupled oscillators develops slowly to exhibit several different phases or ‘chaotic itinerancy＇ over time. Therefore, the long duration required for PA may be attributable to the nature of a complex system.

Calculation of Partition Function of QCD at Finite Chemical Potential

In equilibrium statistical field theory, the partition function has fundamental importance. In this paper we propose a direct and general method for calculating the partition function and equation of state of QCD at finite chemical potential. It is found that the partition function is totally determined by the dressed quark propagator at finite chemical potential up to a multiplicative constant. From this a criterion for the phase transition between the Nambu and the Wigner phases is obtained. This general method is applied to two specific cases： the free quark theory and QCD with a model dressed quark propagator having confinement features. In the first case, the standard Fermi distribution at T = 0 is reproduced. In the second case, we apply the conclusion in previous works to obtain the dressed quark propagator at finite chemical potential and find the unphysical result that the baryon number density vanishes for all values of chemical potential. The reason for this result is discussed.

Ruppeiner Geometry of (2+l)-Dimensional Spinning Dilaton Black Hole

In this paper, we study the geometrothermodynamics of （2 ＋ 1）-dimensional spinning dilaton black hole. We show that the Ruppeiner curvature vanishes, which implies that there exist no phase transitions and thermodynamic interactions. However when the thermodynamics fluctuation is included, the geometry structure is reconsidered. The non-vanishing Ruppeiner curvature is obtained, which means the phase space is non-flat. We also study the phase transitions and show that it can indeed take D/ace at some points.