光和引力波专题Ⅰ——广义相对性原理、光速不变原理及引力论

引力波信号的探测再次验证了100多年前爱因斯坦创立的广义相对论理论。本专题共两篇,综述了广义相对论的理论基础,试图使读者由此理解光速和引力波速之间的关系。第一篇论文首先简介了广义相对论引力理论的原理,论文特别关注于广义相对论与狭义相对论之间的关系。在等效原理的基础上,本文重点说明了引力几何化思想,广义相对性原理的内容,广义光速不变原理的理解,坐标系和固有时、固有距离的关系等内容。后面论文回顾了构建爱因斯坦场方程逻辑过程,施瓦兹解及其检验等。

论仲裁协议效力扩张的法理基础

由于仲裁协议效力的法理基础是建筑在合同法原理上的,人们通常会将传统合同法中的“意思自治原则”、“合同相对性原则”等在判定仲裁协议效力时加以适用。然而。20世纪以来契约法上发生的深刻变化以及对契约法在新的经济状况下的价值的重新评价,促使人们应对仲裁协议效力的法理基础予以重新的思考。

西方社会心理学关于群际行为的研究述评

对西方社会心理学就群际行为这种重要的社会行为所开展的研究 ,主要包括心理动力学取向的研究、相对性匮乏理论及其研究、现实利益冲突理论及其研究、社会同一性理论及其研究的研究成果 ,进行了系统的介绍和评价。

论第三人侵害债权制度的合理性

由于债权相对性理论在债权领域根深蒂固的影响,第三人侵害债权自提出之日起就颇有争议。但是随着法学理论的发展,债权在特定的条件下跟物权一样也具有涉他性,其应该受到侵权行为法的保护。基于我国司法实践的需要,在我国建立第三人侵害债权制度具有合理性和可行性。

RESEARCH ON PERFECT DYADIC BINARY SEQUENCE PAIR

In this paper, the perfect dyadic binary sequence pair with one-value dyadic correlation functions is presented. That is, the perfect dyadic binary sequence pair is a perfect discrete signal, for its dyadic relative function is δ-function. The transformation features and some existing admissibility conditions of perfect dyadic binary sequence pair are discussed, and the properties for this kind of code in Walsh transformation spectrum and weight spectrum are also analyzed. From above, It is found that the perfect dyadic binary sequence pair can easily differentiate from its dyadic shifting. So these good signals can used in engineering as synchronization code, multi-user code and so on.

Gauge Gravitational Field in a Fractal Space-Time

Considering the fractal structure of space-time, the scale relativity theory in the topological dimension DT = 2 is built. In such a conjecture, the geodesics of this space-time imply the hydrodynamic model of the quantum mechanics. Subsequently, the gauge gravitational field on a fractal space-time is given. Then, the gauge group, the gauge-covariant derivative, the strength tensor of the gauge field, the gauge-invariant Lagrangean, the field equations of the gauge potentials and the gauge energy-momentum tensor are determined. Finally, using this model, a Reissner- Nordstrom type metric is obtained.

Dirac Optical Potential of p-^14Be and Pronounced “Long-Tail” Shape

The Dirac optical potential for p-14Be elastic scattering is evaluated by the relativistic impulse approximation. Each of the real part and the imaginary part of the potential shows a pronounced "long tail" for the proton elastic scattering from halo nucleus 14Be compared with the potentials for proton scattering from its adjacent nuclei 12C and 16O, which do not have halo structures. This kind of "long tail" phenomenon suggests another signature for halo nuclei.

Trace Formulae of Characteristic Polynomial and Cayley-HamUton's Theorem, and Applications to Chiral Perturbation Theory and General Relativity

By using combinatorics, we give a new proof for the recurrence relations of the characteristic polynomial coefficients, and we further obtain an explicit expression for the generic term of the coefficient sequence, which yields the trace formulae of the Cayley-Hamilton＇s theorem with all coefficients explicitly given. This implies a byproduct, a complete expression for the determinant of any finite-dimensional matrix in terms of the traces of its successive powers. And we discuss some of their applications to ehiral perturbation theory and general relativity.

Theoretical analysis on water-inrush mechanism of concealed collapse pillars in floor

In order to study the water-inrush mechanism of concealed collapse pillars from the mechanical view, a mechanical model for water-inrush of collapse pillars has been established based on thick plate theory of elastic mechanics in this paper.By solving this model the deformation of water-resistant rock strata under the action of water pressure and the expression of critical water pressure for collapse pillar waterinrush have been obtained The research results indicate that：the boundary conditions and strength of water-resistant strata play important roles in influencing water-inrush of collapse pillars.The critical water-inrush pressure is determined by both relative thickness and absolute thickness of water-resistant strata.

Nucleon Finite Volume Effect and Nuclear Matter Properties in a Relativistic Mean-Field Theory

Effects of excluded volume of nucleons on nuclear matter are studied, and the nuclear properties that follow from different relativistic mean-field model parametrizations are compared. We show that, for all tested parametrizations, the resulting volume energy al and the symmetry energy J are around the acceptable values of 16 MeV and 30 MeV, and the density symmetry L is around 100 MeV. On the other hand, models that consider only linear terms lead to incompressibility Ko much higher than expected. For most parameter sets there exists a critical point （pc, δc）, where the minimum and the maximum of the equation of state are coincident and the incompressibility equals zero. This critical point depends on the excluded volume parameter r. If this parameter is larger than 0.5 fm, there is no critical point and the pure neutron matter is predicted to be bound. The maximum value for neutron star mass is 1.85M⊙, which is in agreement with the mass of the heaviest observed neutron star 4U0900-40 and corresponds to r = 0.72 fm. We also show that the light neutron star mass （1.2M⊙） is obtained for r ≌ 0.9 fro.

Hidden Symmetries for Thermodynamics and Emergence of Relativity

Erik Verlinde recently proposed an idea about the thermodynamic origin of gravity.Though this is abeautiful idea, which may resolve many long standing problems in the theories of gravity, it also raises many otherproblems.In this article I will comment on some of the problems of Verlinde’s proposal with special emphasis on thethermodynamical origin of the principle of relativity.It is found that there is a large group of hidden symmetries ofthermodynamics, which contains the Poincare group of the spacetime for which space is emergent.This explains thethermodynamic origin of the principle of relativity.

Statistical Separability of the World and Consistency Between Quantum Theory, Relativity, and Causality

We show that the quantum world with non-local states and original statistics is statistically separable. According to relativistic dynamics, the super-luminal signal transmission is impossible. The present quantum theory is therefore consistent with the relativity and the causality.

Properties of A=7-9 Drip-Line Nuclei in RMF Theory

The relativistic mean-field （RMF） theory is used to calculate the properties of A =7-9 drip-line nuclei ^7Li, ^7;9Be, ^8;9B, and ^9C. Systematic deviations between experimental and theoretical binding energies are found. Possible reasons of these systematic deviations are discussed in terms of pairing energy. The root-mean-square （rms） radii of matter distributions for these nuclei agree with the experimental data quite well. The one-proton halo structure in ^8B is reproduced well, and the two-proton halo in ^9C is predicted. The calculations show that the RMF theory is valid in studying the properties of light drip-line nuclei.

物理思维的批判性、范畴及其培养

物理思维的批判性源自以质疑为本质特征的批判意识和精神 .物理研究的质疑、物理理论完美性的探求、对“科学主义”思潮的反思是物理思维批判性的重要活动范畴 .物理教学应注重培养学生的质疑意识和习惯、加强物理理论形成过程批判性的活动、在科学技术和社会关系教育中渗透批判性思维活动 ,以有效地培养学生批判性思维能力 .

Moments of inertia of neutron stars in relativistic mean field theory:The role of the isovector scalar channel

With the inclusion of the isovector scalar channel in the meson-nucleon couplings, taking DD-MEδ as an effective interaction, the moments of inertia of neutron stars possessing various stellar masses are studied within the density dependent relativistic mean field （RMF） theory. The isovector scalar channel contributes to the softening of the neutron-star matter equation of state （EOS） and therefore the reduction of the maximum mass and radius of neutron stars. Smaller values of the total moment of inertia 1 and the crustal moment of inertia AI are then obtained in DD-ME~ via numerical procedure in comparison with those in other selected RMF functionals. In addition, the involvement of the isovector scalar channel lowers the thickness of the neutron star crust and its mass fi＇action as well. The sensitivity to both the crustal mass and stellar radius causes the crustal moment of inertia to be more obviously reduced than the total one, eventually leading to a suppression on the fraction of crustal moment of inertia △I/I in DD-MFδ. The results indicate the crustal moment of inertia as a more sensitive probe of the neutron-star matter EOS than the total one, and demonstrate that the isovector scalar meson-nucleon couplings in the RMF theory could exert influence over the physics of pulsar glitches.

Geometries with the Second Poincar Symmetry

The second Poincard kinematical group serves as one of new ones in addition to the known possible kinematics. The geometries with the second Poincard symmetry is presented and their properties are analyzed. On the geometries, the new mechanics based on the principle of relativity with two universal constants （c, l） can be established.

Comparison of Different Approaches of Finding the Positive Definite Metric in Pseudo-Hermitian Theories

To develop a unitary quantum theory with probabilistic description for pseudo-Hermitian systems one needs to consider the theories in a different Hilbert space endowed with a positive definite metric operator. There are different approaches to find such metric operators. We compare the different approaches of calculating positive definite metric operators in pseudo-Hermitian theories with the help of several explicit examples in non-relativistic as well as in relativistic situations. Exceptional points and spontaneous symmetry breaking are also discussed in these models.

From the elasticity theory to cosmology and vice versa

The paper shows how a generalization of the elasticity theory to four dimensions and to space-time allows for a consistent description of the homogeneous and isotropic universe,including the accelerated expansion.The analogy is manifested by the inclusion in the traditional Lagrangian of general relativity of an additional term accounting for the strain induced in the manifold(i.e.in space-time)by the curvature,be it induced by the presence of a texture defect or by a matter/energy distribution.The additional term is su?cient to account for various observed features of the universe and to give a simple interpretation for the so called dark energy.Then,we show how the same approach can be adopted back in three dimensions to obtain the equilibrium configuration of a given solid subject to strain induced by defects or applied forces.Finally,it is shown how concepts coming from the familiar elasticity theory can inspire new approaches to cosmology and in return how methods appropriated to General Relativity can be applied back to classical problems of elastic deformations in three dimensions.

Tests of gravitational symmetries with radio pulsars

Symmetries play important roles in modern theories of physical laws. In this paper, we review several experimental tests of important symmetries associated with the gravitational interaction, including the universality of free fall for self-gravitating bodies,time-shift symmetry in the gravitational constant, local position invariance and local Lorentz invariance of gravity, and spacetime translational symmetries. Recent experimental explorations for post-Newtonian gravity are discussed, of which, those from pulsar astronomy are highlighted. All of these tests, of very different aspects of gravity theories, at very different length scales, favor to very high precision the predictions of the strong equivalence principle(SEP) and, in particular, general relativity which embodies SEP completely. As the founding principles of gravity, these symmetries are motivated to be promoted to even stricter tests in future.

On the Uniqueness of Ghost-Free Special Gravity

Special gravity refers to interacting theories of massless gravitons in Minkowski space-time which are invariant under the abelian gauge invariance hab → hab ＋ δ（axb） only. In this article we determine the most general form of special gravity free of Ostrogradski ghosts, meaning its equation of motion is of at most second order. Together with the recent works, this result could be helpful in formulating proofs of General Relativity as the unique physical theory of self-interacting massless gravitons. We also study how to construct gauge invariant couplings to matter fields.