《望诊遵经》“相气十法”在中医色诊中的运用

"相气十法"又名望气十法,出自汪宏《望诊遵经》,此法通过审察周身各部气、色、形、态,结合病症、四时、方位、体质、脉象等,辨识疾病之表里、阴阳、虚实、新久、顺逆。"相气十法"作为望诊的重要内容,在临床色诊的应用中发挥指导作用。本文从"相气十法"的出处、内涵及该法与中医面诊、手诊、舌诊等具体色诊的联系与实际运用作了梳理和归纳,以期为中医临床诊断提供新的思路。

单元两相气液包裹体热力学方程的推导和应用

Three thermodynamical equations, for unitary two-phase fluid inclusions have been deduced. (1) The thermodynamical equation for mutual transformation between gas and liquid phases in fluid inclusions. The transformation direction from one phase to the other can be known in terms of the density and filling degree of gas and liquid. (2) The thermodynamical equation for pressure effect on temperature after homogenization of fluid inclusions. The coefficient of P-T variation is directly proportional to the fining degree of gas phase and inversely to the density of gas phase and liquid phase. Equations for homogenization, decrepitation and formation temperatures of fluid inclusions can be inferred from. this equation. (3) The thermodynomical equation for decrepitation temperatures of fluid inclusions. Many factors have effects on the decrepitation temperatures of fluid inclusions.Decrepitation temperature cannot be considered in any case as formation temperature.Thermal and vapor halos produced by decrepitation of minerals of the same kind and the same period from the same locality are worthy of consideration.

缝洞型介质结构对非混相气驱油采收率的影响

为了研究缝洞型油藏的复杂缝洞介质结构对气驱油的影响,建立4类19个不同缝洞介质结构的数模模型,开展一系列非混相氮气驱油数值模拟研究。结果表明:洞相对于缝的位置越高,气驱油采收率越高;气驱油采收率随着洞密度和洞隙度的增加而增加,随驱替方向裂缝密度的增加而减小;洞的存在有利于提高气驱油采收率,并降低了缝洞介质结构对采收率的影响;气驱油的主要机制是由于密度差异形成的重力驱、体积膨胀补充地层弹性能和降低原油黏度改善流动能力,采收率主要受重力、洞密度、洞隙度、驱替方向裂缝密度等因素影响。

缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏非混相气驱采收率影响因素

为研究缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏非混相气驱采收率的影响因素,建立了缝洞介质机理模型,分析了注采井所处的储集层类型、注采井间洞的分布、注采部位及注气速度等对非混相气驱采收率的影响。研究发现,非混相气驱的主要机理为油气密度差异形成的重力驱、膨胀原油增加弹性能量和降低原油黏度改善流动能力;气驱过程中宜选取缝注洞采,高部位注低部位采的注采方式;洞的存在有利于降低气窜风险,洞距离油藏顶部和生产井越近,采收率越高;采收率随注气速度的增加呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。模拟结果表明,非混相气驱采收率主要受重力、储集层类型、注采井间洞的分布及注气参数的影响。

汪宏“相气十法”对中医五色望诊的贡献

《素问·阴阳应象大论篇》＂善诊者,察色按脉,先别阴阳;审清浊,而知部分＂强调望诊是诊断的第一要务。《素问·五脏生成篇》＂五色微诊,可以目察。能合色脉,可以完全＂进一步指出了望诊的重要性。

中医望诊“相气”理论源流概述

“相气”理论是中医望诊的重要内容，在临床诊病中具有重要价值。“相气”自《内经》形成理论框架，经过历代医家的运用和发展，至明清时期趋于完善，真正成为临床实践的重要诊断方法。尤其是清代汪宏的《望诊遵经》，将《内经》“相气”理论发展为“相气十法”，促进了“相气”理论的发展和临床价值的提高，为中医诊断学的进步做出了贡献。

Research progress on the water vapor channel within the Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon, China

The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program tasked a research team with the“Investigation of the water vapor channel of the Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon(INVC)”in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau(TP).This paper summarizes the scientific achievements obtained from the data collected by the INVC observation network and highlights the progress in investigating the development of heavy rainfall events associated with water vapor changes.The rain gauge network of the INVC can represent the impacts of the Yarlung Zsangbo Grand Canyon(YGC)topography on precipitation at the hourly scale.The microphysical characteristics of the precipitation in the YGC are different than those in the lowland area.The GPM-IMERG(Integrated MultisatellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement)satellite precipitation data for the YGC region should be calibrated before they are used.The meridional water vapor flux through the YGC is more important than the zonal flux for the precipitation over the southeastern TP.The decreased precipitation around the YGC region is partly due to the decreased meridional water vapor flux passing through the YGC.High-resolution numerical models can benefit precipitation forecasting in this region by using a combination of specific schemes that capture the valley wind and water vapor flux along the valley floor.

CFD modeling of gas−liquid flow phenomenon in lead smelting oxygen-enriched side-blown furnace

A validated numerical model was established to simulate gas−liquid flow behaviors in the oxygen-enriched side-blown bath furnace.This model included the slip velocity between phases and the gas thermal expansion effect.Its modeling results were verified with theoretical correlations and experiments,and the nozzle-eroded states in practice were also involved in the analysis.Through comparison,it is confirmed that the thermal expansion effect influences the flow pattern significantly,which may lead to the backward motion of airflow and create a potential risk to production safety.Consequently,the influences of air injection velocity and furnace width on airflow behavior were investigated to provide operating and design guidance.It is found that the thin layer melt,which avoids high-rate oxygen airflow eroding nozzles,shrinks as the injection velocity increases,but safety can be guaranteed when the velocity ranges from 175 to 275 m/s.Moreover,the isoline patterns and heights of thin layers change slightly when the furnace width increases from 2.2 to 2.8 m,indicating that the furnace width shows a limited influence on production safety.

Controllable synthesis of CuAlO_(2) via solid-phase method and its catalytic performance for methanol steam reforming to hydrogen

This study explores the controllable synthesis of CuAlO_(2) using copper hydroxide and pseudo-boehmite powders as raw materials via a simple solid-phase ball milling method,along with its catalytic performance investigation in methanol steam reforming(MSR).Various catalysts were prepared under different conditions,such as calcination temperature,calcination atmosphere,and heating rate.Characterization techniques including BET,XRD,XPS,SEM and H2-TPR were employed to analyze the samples.The results revealed significant effects of calcination temperature on the phase compositions,specific surface area,reduction performance,and surface properties of the CA-T catalysts.Based on the findings,a synthesis route of CuAlO_(2) via the solid-phase method was proposed,highlighting the importance of high calcination temperature,nitrogen atmosphere,and low heating rate for CuAlO_(2) formation.Catalytic evaluation data demonstrated that CuAlO_(2) could catalyze MSR without pre-reduction,with the catalytic performance of CA-T catalysts being notably influenced by calcination temperature.Among the prepared catalysts,the CA-1100 catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic activity and stability.The findings of this study might be useful for the further study of the catalytic material for sustained release catalysis,including the synthesis of catalytic materials and the regulation of sustained release catalytic performance.

鄂尔多斯盆地特低渗油藏CO_2非混相驱实验研究

针对鄂尔多斯盆地低渗低压裂缝性油藏水驱采收率低、CO_2驱难以混相及气驱易窜流等问题,利用CO_2-原油相态实验和岩心驱替实验,研究了CO_2非混相驱提高采收率机理与方法。相态实验表明,地层条件下CO_2与目标油藏原油难以混相,但在原油中溶解的摩尔分数可达60.20%,使原油体积膨胀30.16%,黏度降低64.29%。均质岩心驱替实验表明,CO_2非混相驱在水驱基础上提高驱油效率23.25%。非均质岩心驱替实验表明,CO_2非混相连续气驱效果随渗透率极差的增大而变差,在渗透率级差小于10的岩心驱替效果较好;水气交替在渗透率级差小于100的岩心取得一定的驱替效果,特别是渗透率级差10~30驱替效果最好。

潜山裂缝性油藏水驱后提高采收率三维物理模拟

潜山裂缝性油藏非均质性强、基质渗透率低,水驱开发效果较差。以渤海JZ25-1S潜山裂缝性油藏为例,根据相似原理设计了三维大尺度裂缝性油藏高压物理模型,开展了注水开发及水驱后非混相气驱、凝胶颗粒驱和表面活性剂驱实验,并探究了不同提高采收率方法的作用机理。研究表明:注水开发阶段采出油主要来源于宏观裂缝,基质贡献较低,宏观裂缝储量比例越大,水驱采收率越高;脉冲式周期注水采收率高于间歇式周期注水;水驱后非混相气驱主要依靠气液密度差异驱替油藏顶部剩余油,采收率提高幅度主要取决于生产井垂向位置;凝胶颗粒可以较好地改善裂缝系统的非均质性,扩大注入水的波及范围,原油采收率提高2～4个百分点;表面活性剂驱可以通过清洗宏观裂缝表面的剩余油提高采收率,焖井一段时间后则通过促进基质微裂缝的自发渗吸作用提高采收率,原油采收率可提高3～5个百分点。

Test of the Relative Permeability Curve of a Gas and Oil Condensate System and its Effect on the Recovery of Oil and Gas

The relative permeability curve has been measured with simulation oil (refined oil) and gas (nitrogen or air) at room temperature and a lowpressure, both of which are very important parameters for depicting the flow of fluid through porous media in a hydrocarbon reservoir. This basic measurement is often applied in exploitation evaluation, but the underground conditions with high temperature and pressure, and the phase equilibrium of oil and gas, are not taken into consideration when the relative permeability curve is tested. There is an important theoretical and practical sense in testing the diphase relative permeability curve of the equilibrium of oil and gas under the conditions of high temperature and pressure. The test method for the relative permeability curve is proposed in this paper. The relative permeability of the equilibrium of oil and gas and the standard one are tested in two fluids, and the differences between these two methods are stated. The research results can be applied to the simulation and prediction of CVD in long cores and then the phenomenon can better explain that the recovery of condensate gas rich in condensate oil is higher than that of CVD test in PVT. Meanwhile, the research shows that the relative permeability curve of equilibrium oil and gas is sensitive to the rate of exploitation, and the viewpoint proves that an improved gas recovery rate can properly increase the recovery of condensate oil.

Study on the Chromatographic Fingerprint of Volatile Constituents from Acacia Honey

[Objective] The experiment aimed to study chromatographic fingerprint in volatile components of acacia honey and provide scientific evaluation and effective control on quality of acacia honey.[Method] Using solid-phase microextraction method to separate and detect volatile components and construct chromatographic fingerprint.[Result] The honey was preheated for 15 min in water bath at 40 ℃ and solid-phase microextraction 85 μmPA was used to extract in overhead air about 30 min,then put it into the injector and desorpted 3 min,which is in 230 ℃.The Supelco WaxTM10 30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm column and gradient heating program was the best method to separate volatile components from honey.83 fingerprint peaks were constructed,among which 17 common fingerprint peaks were comprised of chromatographic fingerprint of volatile components of acacia honey.[Conclusion] The chromatographic fingerprint could provide reference for quality control of acacia honey.

Preparation of ultrafine rhenium powders by CVD hydrogen reduction of volatile rhenium oxides

A novel CVD process for the preparation of ultrafine rhenium powders was investigated using ammonium perrhenate as starting materials. In the process, volatile rhenium oxides, such as ReO4 and Re2O7, were vaporized under a controlled oxidizing atmosphere via the pyrolysis of ammonium perrhenate, and carried into reduction zone by carrier gas, and there reduced into rhenium powders by hydrogen gas. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that Re207 could be prevented from further decomposition through controlling the oxygen partial pressure higher than 10 1.248 Pa in the pyrolysis of ammonium perrhenate. This result was further validated via DSC-TGA analysis of ammonium perrhenate. The typical rhenium powders prepared by the CVD method proposed show irregular polyhedron morphology with particle size in the range of 100-800 nm and a Ds0 of 308 nm. The specific surface area and oxygen content were measured to be 4.37 m^2/g and 0.45%, respectively.

Preparation of Al-doped ZnO sputter target by hot pressing

Al-doped ZnO （AZO） target was prepared by hot pressing using ZnO and Al2O3 powder in mass ratio of 98：2.The effects of hot pressing conditions including temperature,pressure and preserving time on relative density were investigated.Pore evolution and phase structure change during densification process were studied.The results show that AZO target with super high relative density of 99% was prepared by two-stage hot pressing method under pressure of 35MPa,temperature of 1 050℃ and 1 150℃ with preserving time of 1 h,respectively.At temperature around 1 050℃,the number of isolated pore wasminimum.At temperature lower than 900℃,there existed Al2O3 phase.At temperature higher than 1 000℃,ZnAl2O4 phase was generated and its content was increased with temperature increasing.Hot pressing method had the advantage over pressureless sintering that the content of ZnAl2O4 was lower and sintering temperature could be also lower.With increasing the hot pressing temperature and preserving time,the electric resistivity of AZO target decreased greatly.A low resistivity of 3 10-3 cm was achieved under the temperature of 1 100℃,pressure of 35MPa and preserving time of 10 h.

Analysis of Volatile Constituents in Lonicera japonica Thunb. from Different Origins by GC-MS

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the volatile constituents in Lonicera japonica Thunb. from different origins. [Method] HP-5MS capillary columns were used and column temperature was controlled by a program. MS analysis was performed with EI and quadruple mass analyzer. The volatile constituents in L. japonica Thunb. were identified by NIST02 and Wiley275 libraries, and their relative contents were determined with chromatographic peak area normalization method. [Result] According to GC-MS total ion-current chromatograms, 35 volatile constituents were identified in L. japonica Thunb. from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, mainly including methyl linolenate, n-hexadecanoic acid and ζ-muurolene; 18 volatile constituents were identified in L. japonica Thunb. from Hunan Province, mainly including n-hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid and α-curcumene. [Conclusion] Main volatile constituents in L. japonica Thunb. from two different origins varied significantly.

Preparation and mechanical properties of carbon/carbon composites with high textured pyrolytic carbon matrix

Short carbon fiber felts with an initial porosity of 89.5% were deposited by isobaric, isothermal chemical vapor infiltration using natural gas as carbon source. The bulk density of the deposited carbon/carbon （C/C） composites was 1.89 g/cm3 after depositing for 150 h. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the C/C composites were studied by polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and three-point bending test. The results reveal that high textured pyrolytic carbon is deposited as the matrix of the composites, whose crystalline thickness and graphitization degree highly increase after heat treatment. A distinct decrease of the flexural strength and modulus accompanied by the increase of the toughness of the C/C composites is found to be correlated with the structural changes in the composites during the heat treatment process.

Determination of phthalate esters in fat-containing foods by packed nanofiber solid-phase extraction column and gas chromatography

A new method for simultaneous determination of four phthalate esters （ PAEs） in commercial fat-containing foods was developed by the combination of a packed nanofibers column based on solid-phase extraction with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector （ GC-FID ）. Conditions for obtaining optimum extraction efficiency such as extraction solvents, morphologies of adsorbent, ion strength and pH were investigated and optimized in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection （LODs） found for dibutyl phthalate （DBP） , butyl benzyl phthalate （BBP）, diethyl hexyl phthalate （DEHP） and di-n-octyl phthalate （DNOP） were 50, 25, 50 and 25 ng/g, respectively. Good linearity of four PAEs was achieved in the range of 50 to 4 000 ng/g. The proposed method was applied for analyzing different kinds of fat-containing samples. PAEs in commercial fat-containing samples can be highly extracted by a packed solid-phase extraction column of 5 mg polystyrene （ PS） nanofibers. The satisfactory average recoveries were obtained in the range of 96. 7% to 102. 3% , and the relative standard deviations （RSDs） below 5% were achieved. The proposed method reduces the organic solvent consumption, the complex and tedious procedures for sample pretreatment, and achieves high sensitivity and reproducibility for the investigated PAEs.

Recycling of metals from waste Sn-based alloys by vacuum separation

In order to recycle waste Sn-based alloys, the vapor-liquid phase equilibrium composition diagrams of Sn-Pb, Sn-Sb and Sn-Zn binary systems were calculated. The calculated results indicate that Pb, Sb and Zn can be separated from Sn effectively. Based on the above calculation, the industrial experiments of vacuum distillation of Sn-Pb alloy, Sn-Pb-Sb alloy, Sn-Pb-Sb-As alloy, crude Sn and Sn-Zn alloy with different contents were carried out. The experimental results show that Pb(>99% Pb) and Sn(≤0.003% Pb) were obtained simultaneously while Sn-Pb alloy was subjected to vacuum distillation; the crude Sn(>90% Sn, ≤ 2% Pb, ≤6% Sb) and crude Pb(≤2% Sn) were obtained simultaneously while a single vacuum distillation was carried out for Sn-Pb-Sb alloy; the Pb and Bi contents in the Sn ingot(99.99% Sn) achieve the grade A of GB/T 728—2010 standard, more than 50% of As and Sb was removed after vacuum distillation of crude Sn; Zn(<0.002% Sn) and Sn(about 3% Zn) were obtained while vacuum distillation of Sn-Zn alloy was conducted at 1173 K, 20-30 Pa for 8-10 h.

Chemical Compositions of Volatile Oil from Fruiting Body of Armillaria luteo-virens

The chemical compositions of volatile oil from fruiting body of Armillaria luteo-virens in Qinghai Province were firstly analyzed with GC-MS and its relevant compositions were detected by calculating chromatographic peak area with normalized method. 21 peaks were separated and 13 compositions were identified which were mainly unsaturated fatty acids, taking 97.1% of the total volatile oil.