相维与制衡:明代权力中枢间的阁臣群体

阁臣群体是直接服务于明代皇权的中央核心辅政官僚群体,这个群体在维系明代皇权延续方面发挥了十分重要的政治功能,他们的辅政活动与明代整个国家机器运转构成了良性互动,他们在明朝中央权力运行中起着不可替代的制衡作用。历史中的明代阁臣群体并未获得史家比较客观的评价,明代阁臣群体的政治地位值得进一步肯定。

体国范式与一体相维:立国传统的共同体建构逻辑

中国的立国传统包含着中华民族共同体展开共同生活的基本设定,这一设定具体呈现为立国的条件、目标、原则与实现方式。在中国体量宏大的立国经验和理论中,“体国”是一个中心性概念,体现了共同体建构的核心逻辑。中国立国传统以体国经野、分官设职和立民极作为主干议程,确立起了国家体系内部基础性的组织结构、制度结构和文化结构。在业已缔构的体国范式中,立国传统以相维相制作为根本原则,将具有规范性意义的制约性逻辑与具有生发性意义的平衡性逻辑兼收并用,不断追求政治秩序的持久发展。体国范式塑造了中国政治文明的特征,为以共同体建构为中心的研究提供了新的学科知识,并为比较研究视野中的若干政治学议题提供了新起点。

阿尔兹海默病的中医病因病机研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)的中医认识历史悠久,历代医家对本病的病因病机有不同的认识,随着AD的病因病机研究不断深入,我国医学专家对AD的病因病机把握越来越明晰。对AD的探讨研究发现,AD的病因病机主要包括髓海不足说、脾肾互赞说、痰浊蒙窍说、毒损脑络说、肝肠脑相维说等,这些学说各有理论依据及临床意义,但仍有不足之处有待商榷和补充,本文结合先贤所执之见,对AD的病因和病机进行了全面的梳理和归纳总结,以期为后续临床的诊疗提供参考。The understanding of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in traditional Chinese medicine has a long history. Doctors of all ages have different understandings of the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease. With the deepening of the research on the etiology and pathogenesis of AD, Chinese medical experts have become more and more clear about the etiology and pathogenesis of AD. The study of AD found that the etiology and pathogenesis of AD mainly include the theory of marrow sea deficiency, the theory of spleen and kidney mutual praise, the theory of phlegm turbidity, the theory of poison damage to brain collaterals, and the theory of liver, intestine and brain. These theories have their own theoretical basis and clinical significance, but there are still deficiencies to be discussed and supplemented. In this paper, combined with the views of the sages, the etiology and pathogenesis of AD are comprehensively sorted out and reviewed in depth. The purpose is to establish a set of unified efficacy evaluation indicators, so as to improve the clinical treatment effect, and provide a new idea for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of AD in traditional Chinese medicine.

基于“肝脑相维”探析肝脏象与痴呆发病的关系

痴呆与五脏关系密切,而肝与脑的渊源尤为深厚,“肝”与“脊髓”相通,涵盖了脑的大量功能。肝性生发,是推动生命发展的重要动力,肝气虚则引发机体衰老,脑是受影响最为明显的器官;肝主血海,保障脑在应激、衰老等特殊状态下得以持续濡养;肝主疏泄,调控脏腑功能和气血津液的运行,肝失疏泄导致气血亏虚,脑失濡养,并且化生痰瘀,阻塞脑窍,是痴呆的关键病机,贯穿于认知功能衰退的各个阶段;长期情志不畅则引发肝失疏泄,是痴呆发病的始动因素。肝脑相维,脑的功能受肝生理和病理的影响,应重视肝脏象在痴呆发病中的作用。

“调肝通脑法”在缺血性中风治疗中的应用

从肝与脑在功能位置、经络循行、生理功能等3个方面的联系来阐释“肝脑相维”的内涵。肝脑相通以维系元神之机,“肝脑相维”主导缺血性中风的发生发展过程,同时脑络瘀滞或不通贯穿缺血性中风病理变化的始终。提出了治疗缺血性中风的“调肝通脑法”,通过调理肝气以通脑络,或滋阴柔肝,或化痰清肝,或息风平肝,或养血补肝。

Dynamics of Nonlinear Waves in(2+1)-Dimensional Extended Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli Equation

Based on the Hirota bilinear method,this study derived N-soliton solutions,breather solutions,lump solutions and interaction solutions for the(2+1)-dimensional extended Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli equation.The dynamical characteristics of these solutions were displayed through graphical,particularly revealing fusion and ssion phenomena in the interaction of lump and the one-stripe soliton.

Effect of carbon fiber on thermal properties of n-Docosane phase change materials

The improvement of the heat transfer rate of phase change material（PCM）is studied by mixing with carbon fiber（CF）which is a good heat conductor.The composite PCM is prepared by blending CF and n-Docosane and its thermal performance is tested using the method of differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）analysis and thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis（TG/DTA）.In addition,the influence of the mixing amount and the length of CF on the thermal conductivity of n-Docosane are investigated.The results show that CF can significantly improve the heat transfer rate of n-Docosane,and the mixing amount and the length of CF are two influence factors.The heat storage and release rates increase with the increase in the mixing amount of CF.Moreover,the melting point of n-Docosane is increased from 40.2 to 50.8 ℃ after being mixed with CF.The heating time is decreased from 720 to 660 s by mixing with 6% of CF,and is decreased to 600 s by mixing with 10% of CF.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FAN STALLING BASED ON CORRELATED DIMENSIONS

Different from the previous qualitative analysis of linear systems in time and frequency domains, the method for describing nonlinear systems quantitatively is proposed based on correlated dimensions. Nonlinear dynamics theory is used to analyze the pressure data of a contrarotating axial flow fan. The delay time is 18 and the embedded dimension varies from 1 to 25 through phase-space reconstruction. In addition, the correlated dimensions are calculated before and after stalling. The results show that the correlated dimensions drop from 1. 428 before stalling to 1. 198 after stalling, so they are sensitive to the stalling signal of the fan and can be used as a characteristic quantity for the judging of the fan stalling.

Determination of phthalate esters in fat-containing foods by packed nanofiber solid-phase extraction column and gas chromatography

A new method for simultaneous determination of four phthalate esters （ PAEs） in commercial fat-containing foods was developed by the combination of a packed nanofibers column based on solid-phase extraction with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector （ GC-FID ）. Conditions for obtaining optimum extraction efficiency such as extraction solvents, morphologies of adsorbent, ion strength and pH were investigated and optimized in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection （LODs） found for dibutyl phthalate （DBP） , butyl benzyl phthalate （BBP）, diethyl hexyl phthalate （DEHP） and di-n-octyl phthalate （DNOP） were 50, 25, 50 and 25 ng/g, respectively. Good linearity of four PAEs was achieved in the range of 50 to 4 000 ng/g. The proposed method was applied for analyzing different kinds of fat-containing samples. PAEs in commercial fat-containing samples can be highly extracted by a packed solid-phase extraction column of 5 mg polystyrene （ PS） nanofibers. The satisfactory average recoveries were obtained in the range of 96. 7% to 102. 3% , and the relative standard deviations （RSDs） below 5% were achieved. The proposed method reduces the organic solvent consumption, the complex and tedious procedures for sample pretreatment, and achieves high sensitivity and reproducibility for the investigated PAEs.

Two-dimensional ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Study on the Water Diffusion Behavior in Polyimide/Silica Nanocomposite

To consider the reliability and performance of electronic devices based on polyimide derivatives, dynamic water sorption and diffusion behavior in a polyimide derivative： poly（4＇4 oxydiphenylene pyromellitimide） （PMDA-ODA）/silica nanocomposite was investigated by two-dimensional ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, by which three states of water molecules owning different H-bonding strength were distinguished. The amounts and strength of H-bonding also played a significant role in determining the diffusion rate of the different states of water molecules. The type of aggregated water molecules which also formed H-bonding with silicic acid （residues） or polyimide system was the last one diffusing to the polymer side in contact with the ATR crystal element because the polymeric matrix blocked their diffusion to a great extent. The diffusion coefficient was also estimated to gain the information of the dynamic diffusion behavior.

Magnetocaloric effect in Ni-Mn-In-Co microwires prepared by Taylor-Ulitovsky method

Ni-Mn-In-Co microwires with diameter of 30-100 μm are prepared by glass-coated metal filaments（Taylor–Ulitovsky） method. The effects of magnetic field on martensite transformation temperature in the as-prepared and annealed microwires are investigated using a physical property measurement system（PPMS）. Magnetocaloric effect（MCE） attributed to field-induced austenite transformation in the as-prepared and annealed microwires is analyzed indirectly from the isothermal magnetization（M-B） curves. The as-prepared microwire has a 7-layer modulated martensite structure（7M） at room temperature. The changes of austenite starting temperature induced by an external magnetic field（ΔAs/ΔB） in the as-prepared and annealed microwires are-1.6 and-4 K/T, respectively. Inverse martensite to austenite transformation exists in annealed microwires when an external magnetic field is applied at temperatures near As. The entropy change（ΔS） obtained in the annealed microwires is 3.0 J/（kg·K）, which is much larger than that in the as-prepared microwires 0.5 J/（kg·K）. The large entropy change and low price make Ni-Mn-In-Co microwires a potential working material in magnetic refrigeration.

Modification of ACFs by chemical vapor deposition and its application for removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution

Viscose activated carbon fibers （ACFs） were characterized using specific surface area, scanning electron modified with chemical vapor deposition （CVD）. The samples were microscopy （SEM）, pore size distribution and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption behavior of modified ACFs for methyl orange（MO） from its aqueous solutions. The results show that the adsorption isotherms of MO onto modified ACFs well follows the Langmuir isotherm equation. The adsorption kinetics of MO can be well described by the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The adsorption process involves the intra-particle diffusion, but is not the only rate-controlling step. Thermodynamic parameters including AG, AH and AS were calculated, suggesting that the adsorption of MO onto modified ACFs is a spontaneous, exothermic and physisorption process. FTIR result indicates that the major adsorption mechanism of modified ACFs for MO is hydrogen bond.

Determination of Iprobenfos Residue in Rice by GC-FTD using Two-dim Ensional Purification

[Objective] This study aimed to establish a determination method for iprobenfos residue in rice straw and husked rice. [Method] The rice straw and husked rice samples were extracted by acetone-ethyl acetate mixed solvent. The extracts were purified using SPE C18 column and SPE NH2 column, and the iprobenfos residues were determined by GC-FTD. [Result] In the concentration range of 0.005-5.0 mg/kg, iprobenfos concentration showed a good linear relationship with peak area （r=0.999 8）. When the iprobenfos concentrations were 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg respectively, the recoveries of added iprobenfos from rice straw ranged from 72.6% to 99.7% with relative standard deviation ranging from 5.65% to 8.48%; the recoveries of added iprobenfos from husked rice ranged from 81.6% to 97.6% with relative standard deviation ranging from 3.74% to 7.63%. The minimum detectable quantity of iprobenfos was 5×10^-12 g, and the minimum detectable concentrations of iprobenfos in rice straw and husked rice samples were 2.0 and 0.5 μg/kg, respec- tively. [Conclusion] The established determination method is characterized by low de- termination limit, high sensitivity, good reproducibility and high operability, which all meet the requirements by Guideline on Pesticide Residue Trials of the Ministry of Agriculture.

Cellulase Extraction and Gas Chromatography Detection Technology of Swainsonine from Astragalus strictusin in Tibet

Locoweed is a poisonous plant wildly distributed in most areas of the world,which causes livestock poisoning or death with serious economic loss.The Astragalus strictus belongs to a species of Iocoweed.It is mainly distributed in Tibet of China and is a serious hazard to the local livestock industry.The objective of this study is extracting and purifying condition of Swainsonine from Astragalus strictus with the cellulase extraction method.An optimum extracting technology of SW from Astragalus strictus was investigated through the orthogonal experiment under the cellulose assistance conditions,and then the content of swainsonine was analyzed with gas chromatography （GC） method.The optimized extraction conditions were as follow：The crushed mesh is 40; solid-liquid ratio is 1∶40 （g/ml）; enzyme dosage is 3.5％; enzymatic time is 3 h.Under the above conditions,the extraction percentage of the swainsonine was 0.003 941％.The conditions for extracting swainsonine with cellulase extraction method are mild,it is easy to utilize industrial production.It is benefit for producing swainsonine from Astragalus strictus.

PARAMETRIC SENSITIVITY AND RUNAWAY IN FIXED BED REACTORS

This paper presents a comprehensive treatment of the parametric sensitivity and runaway in fixed bed reactors with one dimensional pseudo homogeneous dispersion model (ODDM). In this case, we find the existence of multiplicity and determine the runaway criterion through the critical isodisper sion curve. The calculated results indicate when the axial dispersion is relatively small, the impact of the axial dispersion on the parametric sensitivity may be neglected; but when the axial dispersion is large, this impact must be considered.

Correlations between Quality Index and Content of Cellulose and Lignin in Upper Leaves of Fluecured Tobacco in Wulin Mountain Area

In order to study the correlations among quality indexes of tobacco leaf and contents of cellulose and lignin in upper leaves of flue-cured tobacco, 48 B2F flue-cured tobacco samples in seven counties of Wulin mountain area in 2011 and 2012 were used as test materials to measure the contents of cellulose and lignin in tobacco leaves and analyze the differences among varieties and between years. Meanwhile, correlations among contents of cellulose and lignin and appearance quality, physical characteristics, general chemical components and indexes of senso- ry quality were studied. The results showed that the contents of cellulose and lignin had no significant difference among years and varieties. Cellulose content was sig- nificantly correlated with some indexes of appearance qualities, physical indexes, general chemical compositions and sensory qualities. Lignin content was significantly correlated with grayness and oil content but not other quality indexes of tobacco leaf. It could be seen that the differences of cellulose and lignin contents between different years and among varieties were not significant. Cellulose content was closely correlated with quality indexes of tobacco leaf while lignin content had a small effect on tobacco leaf quality.

Low temperature solid-phase sintering of sintered metal fibrous media with high specific surface area

A procedure of low temperature solid-phase sintering（LTSS） was carried out to fabricate sintered metal fibrous media（SMFM） with high specific surface area.Stainless steel fibers which were produced by cutting process were first plated with a coarse copper coating layer by electroless plating process.A low-temperature sintering process was then completed at about 800 °C for 1 h under the protection of hydrogen atmosphere.The results show that a novel SMFM with complex surface morphology and high specific surface area（0.2 m2/g） can be obtained in this way.The effect of sintering temperature on the surface morphology and specific surface area of SMFM was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller.The damage of micro-structure during the sintering process mainly contributed to the loss of specific surface area of SMFM and the optimal sintering temperature was 800 °C.

Model and optimization of ultrasonic phased array parameters

Beam focusing is one of the unique characteristics of ultrasonic phased array compared with conventional ultrasound.On the basis of two-dimensional radiated sound field of phased array,the three-dimensional radiated sound field was simulated in the paper,and then the effect of different frequencies,different number of array elements and different element spacings on focal spot,the depth of focus and the effect on horizontal and vertical resolution were analyzed.The optimal results of transducer parameters have certain reference value for the design of phased array probe.

Part-level 3-D object classification with improved interpretation tree

For classifying unknown 3-D objects into a set of predetermined object classes, a part-level object classification method based on the improved interpretation tree is presented. The part-level representation is implemented, which enables a more compact shape description of 3-D objects. The proposed classification method consists of two key processing stages： the improved constrained search on an interpretation tree and the following shape similarity measure computation. By the classification method, both whole match and partial match with shape similarity ranks are achieved; especially, focus match can be accomplished, where different key parts may be labeled and all the matched models containing corresponding key parts may be obtained. A series of experiments show the effectiveness of the presented 3-D object classification method.

Classification of forearm action surface EMG signals based on fractal dimension

Surface electromyogram （EMG） signals were identified by fractal dimension.Two patterns of surface EMG signals were acquired from 30 healthy volunteers＇ right forearm flexor respectively in the process of forearm supination （FS） and forearm pronation （FP）.After the raw action surface EMG （ASEMG） signal was decomposed into several sub-signals with wavelet packet transform （WPT）,five fractal dimensions were respectively calculated from the raw signal and four sub-signals by the method based on fuzzy self-similarity.The results show that calculated from the sub-signal in the band 0 to 125 Hz,the fractal dimensions of FS ASEMG signals and FP ASEMG signals distributed in two different regions,and its error rate based on Bayes decision was no more than 2.26%.Therefore,the fractal dimension is an appropriate feature by which an FS ASEMG signal is distinguished from an FP ASEMG signal.