1994年7月17日至22日“彗木相撞”的白光照相观测

1994年7月17日至22日“彗木相撞”期间,在紫金山天文台进行了木星胶卷照相观测。木星胶卷像是用赤道仪20公分的折光望远镜加上拍摄太阳黑子放大像的照相装置获得的,木星胶卷像的直径约4.5毫米。“彗木相撞”后的木星胶卷像上留有明显的“大黑斑”创面。

星载微波SSM/I多时相辐射观测的特征指数监测与评估2003年7月中国淮河流域汛情

由辐射传输方程推导星载被动微波遥感SSMI辐射观测的极化指数PI,凸现地表土壤湿度的变化与距平异常ΔnPI,用特征性指数PI、ΔnPI和散射指数SI来监测大尺度陆地地面的降雨和地区土壤湿度、洪涝汛情的变化.用中国淮河流域7年同月SSMI观测数据的平均<PI>,洪涝期间的PI,ΔnPI和SI监测该流域2003年7月的洪涝汛情.提出距平异常值指数K分布,定量评估了洪涝汛情的范围和程度.

评《观测与相对论》

《北京工业大学学报》本期"学术争鸣"栏目中的《观测与相对论:光速在爱因斯坦狭义相对论中为什么不变?》(以下简称《观测与相对论》),试图否定光速不变性原理,挑战爱因斯坦相对论!爱因斯坦是人类历史上最伟大的科学家。在物理学界,爱因斯犹如上帝一般地存在,而爱因斯坦相对论则犹如圣经一般。

不同植被LAI的MODIS反演及其在青藏高原东部的应用

应用Terra和Aqua卫星的MODIS资料和三维叶分布模式,结合MODIS陆地植被覆盖产品数据,估算了6种生物群落的LAI,并与我国西北地区叶面积仪观测结果进行了对比和分析。结果表明,从两颗卫星连续8天的观测资料可以估算出LAI,反演结果的相对误差基本在±20%以内,平均相对误差为13.7%,说明该方法可以反演实际植被的LAI;根据植被类型的差异,建立了6种生物群落LAI与NDVI的指数关系,相关性较好;青藏高原东部的LAI时间变化有不一致性的特征,反映了不同生物群落的生物学特性的差异;不同季节的LAI变化在空间上有很大差异,说明本研究区域西部冷、干和高原东部相对暖、湿的复杂气候特征。

星载微波辐射遥感的极化指数距平统计与土壤湿度分布

用辐射传输理论提出的地表微波辐射极化指数PI的定义 ,分别指出了土壤湿度、地面粗糙、植被层和大气层的各自影响。用DMSPSSM/I多时相 6年的数据给出中国主要陆地 19.35GHz通道的PI值月平均分布 ,表征土壤湿度的月变化 ,并获得中国主要陆地同季同月PI距平值ΔnPI的统计分布 ,展示了中国陆地土壤湿度变化的分布图 ,以及在干旱与水涝期间PI距平值的异常 ,用中国山西 2 0 0 1年 5月的干旱和中国长江中游 1998年 8月水涝作了个例证明。这一理论方法可同样推广到有较低频率 (如 10 .7GHz)的 2 0 0 2年 5月发射的AMSR E或中国风云系列卫星微波成像辐射计的通道 ,而获得土壤湿度分布更好的PI指数评估。在已知区域平均PI值与平均土壤湿度的条件下 ,可以定量反演该区域的土壤湿度 。

AlN+MnS inclusions in oriented electrical steels

Field emission-scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) technique was employed to observe the shape, size and distribution of AlN+MnS inclusions in oriented electrical steels. Specimens used for FE-SEM observation were deeply electrolytic etched at room temperature in non-aqueous acetylacetone(AA) solution. The results indicate that the FE-SEM technique has obvious advantage in specimen preparation. Therefore, it can be easily used to identify the AlN+MnS inclusions and even copper nano-particles in oriented electrical steels with the same analysis accuracy as that by TEM. This technique is a good substitute for TEM and the associated specimen preparation in the observation of inclusions in electrical steels. It will be a powerful technique for routine analysis in the production of grain oriented electrical steels.

Ground Alignment of Inertial Navigation System with the Aid of GPS Signals

Due to the poor observability of INS ground self alignment, only horizontal alignment is satisfied. This paper proposes using GPS double difference carrier phase as external reference to improve the observability of INS self alignment. Through observability analysis and computer simulation, it is demonstrated that the azimuth alignment is as quick as horizontal alignment, the accuracy of horizontal alignment is improved, and the gyros errors can be estimated quickly and precisely.

北斗星座钟性能评估试验

针对北斗金星座的星载钟性能评估问题，提出了评估方法和模型，对性能评估中若干关键问题进行了分析探讨并给出解决途径；给出了长期监测评估结果，及与GPS星载钟性能的比较。

Positioning Precision Analysis of GNSS Multi-frequency Carrier Phase Combinations

GPS positioning precision is affected by various error sources, and traditional combinations of GPS carrier phase observations have their own limitations such as the wide-lane, the narrow-lane and the ionospheric-free combinations. To obtain the optimal positioning precision, a new linear combination method is addressed through the variance-covariance （VCV） of the GPS multi-frequency carrier phase combination equations, and the impact of the positioning precision is analyzed with the changing of the observation errors deduced by the law of error propagation. For the high precision positioning with only one carrier phase combination, the optimal combination method is deduced and further validated by an example of a baseline resolution with 60 km length. The result indicates that this method is the simplest, and the positioning precision is the best. Therefore, it is useful for long baseline quick positioning for different precision requirements in various distances.

Observations and Modeling of Ice Water Content in a Mixed-Phase Cloud System

The ice water content(IWC) distribution in a mixed-phase cloud system was investigated using Cloud-Sat data,aircraft measurements,and the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model.Simulated precipitation and IWC were in general agreement with rain gauge,sat-ellite,and aircraft observations.The cloud case was char-acterized by a predominant cold layer and high IWC throughout the cloud-development and precipitation stages.The CloudSat-retrieved products suggested that the IWC was distributed from 4.0 to 8.0 km,with the maximum values(up to 0.5 g m-3) at 5.0-6.0 km at the earlymature stage of cloud development.High IWC(up to 0.8 g m-3) was also detected by airborne probes at 4.2 and 3.6 km at the late-mature stage.The WRF model simulation re-vealed that the predominant riming facilitated rapid ac-cumulation of high IWC at 3.0-6.0 km.

Strengthening the three-dimensional comprehensive observation system of multi-layer interaction on the Tibetan Plateau to cope with the warming and wetting trend

Changes in the water cycle on the Tibetan Plateau(TP)have a significant impact on local agricultural production and livelihoods and its downstream regions.Against the background of widely reported warming and wetting,the hydrological cycle has accelerated and the likelihood of extreme weather events and natural disasters occurring(i.e.,snowstorms,floods,landslides,mudslides,and ice avalanches)has also intensified,especially in the highelevation mountainous regions.Thus,an accurate estimation of the intensity and variation of each component of the water cycle is an urgent scientific question for the assessment of plateau environmental changes.Following the transformation and movement of water between the atmosphere,biosphere and hydrosphere,the authors highlight the urgent need to strengthen the three-dimensional comprehensive observation system(including the eddy covariance system;planetary boundary layer tower;profile measurements of temperature,humidity,and wind by microwave radiometers,wind profiler,and radiosonde system;and cloud and precipitation radars)in the TP region and propose a practical implementation plan.The construction of such a three-dimensional observation system is expected to promote the study of environmental changes and natural hazards prevention.

Cosmological Constraints on the Sign-Changeable Interactions

Recently, Cai and Su [Phys. Rev. D 81 （2010） 103514] found that the sign of interaction Q in＇the dark sector changed in the approximate redshift range of 0.45 ≤ z ≤0.9, by using a modeMndependent method to deal with the observational data. In fact, this result raises a remarkable problem, since most of the familiar interactions cannot change their signs in the whole cosmic history. Motivated by the work of Cai and Su, we have proposed a new type of interaction in a previous work [H. Wei, Nucl. Phys. B 845 （2011） 381]. The key ingredient is the deceleration parameter q in the interaction Q, and hence the interaction Q can change its sign when our universe changes from deceleration （q 〉0） to acceleration （q 〈 0）. In the present work, we consider the cosmologicai constraints on this new type of sign-changeable interactions, by using the latest observational data. We find that the cosmological constraints on the model parameters are fairly tight. In particular, the key parameter β can be constrained to a narrow range.

Algorithm for Harmonic Tidal Analysis along T/P Tracks： Taking Differences of Observed Sea Surface Heights at Adjacent Points as Observations

An algorithm （differential mode） is presented for the improvement of harmonic tidal analysis along T/P tracks, in which the differences between the observed sea surface heights at adjacent points are taken as observations. Also, the observation equations are constrained with the results of the crossover analysis; the parameter estimations are performed at 0.1° latitude intervals by the least squares. Cycle 10 to 330 T/P altimeter data covering the China Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean （2°-50° N,105°-150° E） are adopted for a refined along-track harmonic tidal analysis, and harmonic constants of 12 constituents in 8 474 points are obtained, which indicates that the algorithm can efficiently remove non-tidal effects in the altimeter observations, and improve the precision of tide parameters. Moreover, parameters along altimetry tracks represent a smoother distribution than those obtained by traditional algorithms. The root mean squares of the fitting errors between the tidal height model and the observations reduce from 11 cm to 1.3 cm.

An Observational and Modeling Study of Extratropical Transition of Hurricane Sandy in 2012

Around 30 October 2012, Hurricane Sandy made landfall along the New Jersey shoreline after its completion of extratropical transition and transformation into an extratropical cyclone. The strong gale induced a catastrophic storm surge, and caused 72 death and damage of more than $50 billion. In this paper, the evolutionary process and spatial structure of the Hurricane Sandy during its extratropical transition were investigated by using Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） version 3.3.1 modeling resuits and National Center for Environmental Prediction （NCEP） Coupled Forecast System model version 2 reanalysis datasets （CFSv2）. It is found that during the upper-level trough interaction on 29 October, Sandy gradually fused with a pre-existing mid-latitude low-pressure system, and finished the re-intensification. WRF modeling results showed that the second peak occurred mainly due to the enhanced vertical motion, reduced vertical wind shear as well as the supplement of potential vorticity resulting from trough interaction over the southeast of Great Lakes. The cold continental air from the back of trough was encircled within the warm core system cyclonically, forming the characteristic of warm seclusion.

In situ measurements of benthic oxygen fluxes in Hui-quan Bay of Qingdao by eddy correlation techniques:short term pattern variations in gravel beach

The oxygen fluxe across the sediment-water interface(SWI)in coastal region is a key measure to fully understand the regulation of biogeochemical cycles in an aquatic environment.However,studies on fluxes of dissolved oxygen in gravel beach are limited,because of the difficulty in sample collection and instrumentations deployment.In this study,benthic oxygen fluxes across rocky substratum in an intertidal zone of Huiquan Bay was estimated by using noninvasive eddy correlation techniques.A total of 10 burst measurements were analyzed.The oxygen flux fluctuated from-5.7888±2.6 to+49.3344±2.6 mmol O2 m-2/d were observed.The cospectra analysis showed that the oxygen flux at the frequency band between 0.093 and 0.279 Hz(at a period from 3.58 to 10.75 s)contributed 50.19%to the total spectrum on average.The results showed that the major contribution band moved to the high frequency region gradually and reached a steady state with increasing tidal flood.It is demonstrated that wave movement and wave breaking interaction resulted in the change of oxygen flux between gravel beach and shallow waters at the start and the end of a rising tide period,respectively.The eddy correlation techniques offer an efficient means for flux measurement over a gravel or mixed sand and gravel beaches.

The Onset of the Monsoon over the Bay of Bengal:The Observed Common Features for 2008-2011

In situ buoy observation data spanning four years(2008-2011) were collected and used to perform a composite analysis of the monsoon onset process in the Bay of Bengal(BoB).The sea surface temperature(SST) in the central BoB increases dramatically during the monsoon transition period and reaches its annual maximum just before the onset of the monsoon.This process is illustrated by the northward-propagating deep convection phase of the intraseasonal oscillation and the establishment of a steady southwest wind.It is argued that the SST peak plays a potential role in triggering the onset of the monsoon in the BoB and its vicinity.The general picture of the BoB monsoon onset summarized here reveals the possibility of regional land-ocean-atmosphere interaction.This possibility deserves further examination.

易自燃厚煤层π型钢放顶煤工作面注氮防灭火技术初探

介绍了一采218采区概况、218"π"型钢放顶工作面注氮防灭火技术,论述注氮防灭火技术的优点和注氮效果及其可利用性。

Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Units Using a Modified Canonical Genetic Algorithm for Observability Analysis

This paper proposes a method for optimal placement of synchronized PMUs （phasor measurement units） in electrical power systems using a MCGA （modified canonical genetic algorithm）, which the goal is to determine the minimum number of PMUs, as well as the optimal location of these units to ensure the complete topological observability of the system. In case of more than one solution, a strategy of analysis of the design matrix rank is applied to determine the solution with the lower number of critical measurements. In the proposed method of placement, modifications are made in the crossover and mutation genetic operators, as well as in the formation of the subpopulation, and are considered restrictive hypotheses in the search space to improve the performance in solving the optimization problem. Simulations are performed using the IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus and New England 39-bus test systems. The proposed method is applied on the IEEE 118-bus test system considering the presence of observable zones formed by conventional measurements.

Groundwater Dating and Its Application to Earthquake Monitoring

Monitoring and study of dynamic characteristics of groundwater are significant methods of earthquake monitoring and forecasting. For research on groundwater dynamics,groundwater dating can qualitatively and quantitatively provide scientific analysis on the characteristics of groundwater recharge and runoff as well as renewal capacity. This article illustrates the methods used globally and summarizes the main advances and achievements in groundwater dating. It also focuses on the relationships between groundwater renewal capacity and seismic monitoring,groundwater movement and seismic activity,shallow groundwater recharge and abnormal interference elimination. The studies show that groundwater dating plays an important role in water-rock interaction,and geological tectonic and seismic activity evaluation. Therefore,groundwater dating can be widely used to monitor and analyze the precursor information in seismic underground fluid observations in the near future.

Combining GPS carrier phase and Doppler observations for precise velocity determination

The truncation error and propagation error are analyzed for velocity determination through differential GPS carrier phase observations,and an approach for the choice of the best number of points for the central difference method is developed.In order to overcome the disadvantages of existing GPS velocity determination methods,a new velocity determination algorithm is presented,based on combining carrier phase and Doppler observations.The basic idea is that two types of observation are combined by adding their normal equations,and their weights are evaluated by strict Helmet variance-components estimation.In order to control the influence of outliers,a bifactor equivalent weights strategy is adopted.To validate this method,GPS data of the airborne gravimetry campaign MEXAGE2001 is tested.The results show that the precision and reliability of velocity determination are obviously improved by using the proposed method.