DESCRIPTION OF NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES OF APHIDIDAE (HOMOPTERA:APHIDOIDEA) FROM CHINA

This paper deals with I new genus and I new species from Fujian Province, China, viz: Evallocotaphis Zhang, gen. nov., Evallocotaphis lutescens Zhang et Qiao, sp. nov.. All the type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica.

Description of a new species and a newly recorded species in the genus Eukiefferiella Thienemann,1926(Diptera:Chironomidae) from China

A new species, Eukiefferiella celata sp. nov., and a newly recorded species, E. brehmi Gouin, 1943, are described and illustrated as male imagines. A new synonym is proposed： E. togaeuquinta Sasa ＆ Okazawa, 1992, syn. nov. （= E. brehmi）.

Comprehensive Analysis and Artificial Intelligent Simulation of Land Subsidence of Beijing, China

Mechanism and modeling of the land subsidence are complex because of the complicate geological background in Beijing, China. This paper analyzed the spatial relationship between land subsidence and three factors, including the change of groundwater level, the thickness of compressible sediments and the building area by using remote sensing and GIS tools in the upper-middle part of alluvial-proluvial plain fan of the Chaobai River in Beijing. Based on the spatial analysis of the land subsidence and three factors, there exist significant non-linear relationship between the vertical displacement and three factors. The Back Propagation Neural Network (BPN) model combined with Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used to simulate regional distribution of the land subsidence. Results showed that at field scale, the groundwater level and land subsidence showed a significant linear relationship. However, at regional scale, the spatial distribution of groundwater depletion funnel did not overlap with the land subsidence funnel. As to the factor of compressible strata, the places with the biggest compressible strata thickness did not have the largest vertical displacement. The distributions of building area and land subsidence have no obvious spatial relationships. The BPN-GA model simulation results illustrated that the accuracy of the trained model during fifty years is acceptable with an error of 51% of verification data less than 20 mm and the average of the absolute error about 32 mm. The BPN model could be utilized to simulate the general distribution of land subsidence in the study area. Overall, this work contributes to better understand the complex relationship between the land subsidence and three influencing factors. And the distribution of the land subsidence can be simulated by the trained BPN-GA model with the limited available dada and acceptable accuracy.

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Jiangsu Province,China

A survey was conducted for about 3 years to study the abundance and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) in Jiangsu Province, China. The identification of the fungal species was based on the microscopic and macroscopic characteristics of their fruiting bodies. About 126 species of EMF were found in Jiangsu Province. These fungi were largely categorized into three orders (of 121 species), four families (of 96 species), and six genera (of about 86 species).

Ectomycorrhizal Fungus-Induced Changes of Cu and Cd Speciation in the Rhizosphere of Chinese Pine Seedlings

To understand the role of ectomycorrhizas in improving the tolerance of its host to excessive heavy metals in soil, this study was conducted to exam the patterns of four fractions (the exchangeable, the carbonate-bound, the Fe-Mn oxide- bound and the organically bound) of both Cu and Cd in the rhizosphere of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) seedlings grown in excessive Cu and Cd environment. The results showed that the speciation of Cu and Cd in the rhizosphere was significantly influenced by inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungus Boletus edulis. Compared to the rhizosphere, the content of exchangeable Cu slightly decreased in the mycorrhizosphere of the seedlings grown in 166 and 400 mg kg-1 Cu contaminated soil, whereas the exchangeable Cd in the mycorrhizosphere decreased remarkably to only 33% and to 60% that of the rhizosphere at 0.75 and 1.50 mg kg-1 Cd levels, respectively. These indicate the potential capacity of mycorrhizas to alleviate the damage of heavy metals to the host plants by reducing the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil. Distribution of the 4 tested fractions of Cu and Cd at different contamination levels showed that there was a strong tendency of changing from loosely associated fractions to strongly associated fractions in the mycorrhizosphere. The most stable Cd fraction, organically bound Cd, was significantly larger in the mycorrhizosphere than in the rhizosphere at different Cd contamination levels. This phenomenon was also observed for Cu but the difference was not statistically significant.

A Quick Report on a Dynamical Downscaling Simulation over China Using the Nested Model

This paper describes a dynamical downscaling simulation over China using the nested model system,which consists of the modified Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF)nested with the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model(CAM).Results show that dynamical downscaling is of great value in improving the model simulation of regional climatic characteristics.WRF simulates regional detailed temperature features better than CAM.With the spatial correlation coefficient between the observation and the simulation increasing from 0.54 for CAM to 0.79 for WRF,the improvement in precipitation simulation is more perceptible with WRF.Furthermore,the WRF simulation corrects the spatial bias of the precipitation in the CAM simulation.

Distributions of Picophytoplankton and Phytoplankton Pigments Along a Salinity Gradient in the Changjiang River Estuary, China

We investigated the abundance of different picophytoplankton groups and the phytoplankton pigment ratio in relation to environmental factors such as nutrients and suspended solids along a salinity gradient in the Changjiang River Estuary.The average numbers of Synechococcus spp.（Syn） and picoeukaryotes （Euk） were （2.7 ±5.1）×l03 and （1.1±1.4）×l03 cells mL-1,respectively.Prochlorococcus spp.（Pro） was only found in the high-salinity brackish water with the concentration of 3.0× 10^3 cells mL-1.Syn and Euk numbers both tended to increase offshore and Syn showed a larger variation in cell abundance than Euk.The contribution of picophytoplankton to total phytoplankton biomass increased with increasing salinity and decreasing nutrient concentrations from the estuary to the open ocean.The response of different picophytoplankton groups to environmental variables was different.Water temperature was more important in its control over Euk than over Syn,while nutrients were more important in their influence over Syn than over Euk.Phytoplankton pigment ratios were different in the three different ecological zones along the salinity gradient （i.e.,freshwater zone with 0-5 range,fresh and saline water mixing zone with 5-20 range,and high-salinity brackish water zone with 20-32 range）,where three different phytoplankton communities were discovered,suggesting that phytoplankton pigment ratios can be considered as a complementary indicator of phytoplankton community structure in the Changjiang River Estuary.

Evaluation analysis of space elements of the mosque's inner courtyard in Nanjing City from the Arab users' view

In order to promote the development of the relationship between China and the Islamic world and meet the cultural needs of Muslims when using mosques in China, this study focuses on the design of mosques in a multi-cultural context. Mosques are an integral part of the China and the Muslims’ society due to their unique style and features. The courtyard is a common element in the design of mosques, and its components vary depending on regional traditions of the time and place where it was built. With the growth of interest in the term of human needs and participation between designer and users in evaluating the design quality, this study summarizes the modern and traditional Chinese mosque courtyard design for Arabian Muslim users in order to evaluate whether their physical and spiritual needs are being appropriately met or not. A questionnaire was distributed to Arab Muslims living in the city of Nanjing to discuss the quality evaluation of traditional and modern mosques’ courtyard design. Through the analysis of seven natural and physical key issue elements in the design of the courtyard, the functional characteristics and configurations are analyzed. The results can be used to improve the design of the new mosque in future by using the vocabulary that accomplishes the architectural fusion of both Chinese and Islamic culture, as well as aesthetic and functional aspects.

Effects of Spatial Aggregation on Forest Landscape Model Simulation in Northeastern China

Issues of scale and aggregation become important when large range of space and time scales is considered in landscape models.However,identifying appropriate levels of aggregation to accurately represent the processes and components of ecological systems is challenging.A raster-based spatially explicit forest landscape model,LANDIS,was used to study the effects of spatial aggregation on simulated spatial pattern and ecological process in Youhao Forest Bureau of the Small Khingan Mountain in Northeastern China.The model was tested over 500 simulation years with systematically increased levels of spatial aggregation.The results show that spatial aggregation significantly influences the simulation of fire disturbance,species abundance,and spatial pattern.Simulated fire regime was relatively insensitive to grain size between 30.m and 270.m in the region.Spatial aggregation from 300.m to 480.m dramatically decreased fire return interval(FRI) and increased mean fire size.Generally,species abundance and its aggregation index(AI) remained higher level over simulation years at the fine-grained level of spatial aggregation than at coarser grains.In addition,the simulated forest dynamics was more realistic at finer grains.These results suggest that appropriate levels of spatial aggregation for the model should not be larger than 270m.

Anaerobic Fungal Diversity in the Rumen of Gayals (Bos frontalis) in Yunnan Province, China

To investigate the anaerobic fungal diversity in the rumen of gayals(Bos frontalis), Yunnan yellow cattle, yaks, and Tibetan yellow cattle, the ITS region of ruminal anaerobic fungi was sequenced. The anaerobic fungi found in four types of cattle could be divided into 16 groups(Neocallimastix, Anaeromyces, Orpinomyces, Caecomyces, Cyllamyces and unknown groups 1-11). There were 10 anaerobic fungal groups in the rumen of gayals, with three belonging to known genera(Orpinomyces, Neocallimastix, and Caecomyces), which accounted for 2.8% of sequences of gayals. There were fewer known anaerobic fungi in gayals than in Yunnan yellow cattle(Orpinomyces), yaks(Anaeromyces, Orpinomyces, and Cyllamyces) and Tibetan yellow cattle(Anaeromyces, Orpinomyces, Caecomyces, and Cyllamyces), accounting for 30.7%, 93.9%, and 35% of each of the relevant cattle species. The other seven unknown groups(NG1, NG4, NG6, NG7, NG9, NG10, and NG11) accounted for 91.6% of sequences from gayals, which was higher than Yunnan yellow cattle [69.3%(NG2, NG8 and NG9)], Tibetan yellow cattle [35%(NG4, NG5 and NG9)], and yaks [6.1%(NG3)]. Furthermore, NG1, NG6, NG7, NG10, and NG11 were only found in gayals,whereas NG3 and NG5 were found only in Tibetan yellow cattle and yak, respectively. Piromyces was not found in any of the four types of cattle. The anaerobic fungi abundance in the rumen of gayals was significantly higher than that of the other three types of cattle. The ruminal anaerobic fungi of gayals might have an important role in cellulose degradation, resulting in the ability of this species to successfully graze coarser fodder.

A review of genus Nuchequula(Teleostei:Leiognathidae) with the description of a new record from Chinese waters

We collected leiognathid fishes from the Hainan Island and Beibu Gulf between November 2007 and December 2008.Ten of these specimens were identified as Nuchequula blochii (Valenciennes 1835),which is the first record of this species in China's waters.These specimens are distinguished by the combination of these characteristics:breast fully scaled,cheek naked,anteroventral profile of the lower jaw almost straight,a conspicuous dark blotch distally on the anterior part of spinous portion of dorsal fin,a yellow blotch distally on posterior part of spinous portion of dorsal fin,and a dark blotch on nape.This paper reviews the genus Nuchequula and describes three species that occur in China's waters.

Soil Cellulase Activity and Fungal Community Responses to Wetland Degradation in the Zoige Plateau, China

Four soil types(peat, marsh, meadow, and sandy) in the Zoige Plateau of China are associated with the severity of wetland degradation. The effects of wetland degradation on the structure and abundance of fungal communities and cellulase activity were assessed in these 4 soil types at 3 depths using DGGE(Denatured Gradient Gel Electrophoresis), q PCR(Quantitative Real-time PCR),and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid assays. Cellulase activity and abundance of the fungal community declined in parallel to the level of wetland degradation(from least to most disturbed). DGGE analysis indicated a major shift in composition of fungal communities among the4 soil types consistent with the level of degradation.Water content(WC), organic carbon(OC), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), available nitrogen(AN), and available phosphorus(AP) were strongly correlated with cellulase activity and the structure and abundance of the fungal community.The results indicate that soil physicochemical properties(WC, OC, TN, TP, AN, and AP), cellulase activity, and diversity and abundance of fungal communities are sensitive indicators of the relative level of wetland degradation. WC was the major factorinvolved in Zoige wetland degradation and lower WC levels contributed to declines in the abundance and diversity of the fungal community and reduction in cellulase activity.

Simulation Analysis on Spatial Pattern of Urban Population in Shenyang City,China in Late 20th Century

The spatial distribution of urban population can reflect significantly urban functions and development status. Shenyang, as a typical old industrial city in China, has experienced considerable changes in spatial distribution of population in the process of urban transformation, resulting in the change of urban spatial structure. Based on the sub-district data of Chinese national population censuses in 1982, 1990 and 2000, this study simulates the evolution pattern of spatial distribution of urban population in Shenyang City. Using statistical method and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), we found that the population distribution, on the whole, has presented a balanced and decentralized trend since the 1980s, which characterizes with Chinese suburbanization. Furthermore, based on the investigation of the pattern of population distribution, it is concluded that the negative exponential model fitted the distribution best, and population concentration in the inner suburb kept increasing gradually, meanwhile, the spatial structure of population distribution has presented a polycentric feature since the 1980s. The parameters of the model show that population in the urban core concentrate significantly all the time. The increase of population in the inner suburb influences the population distribution pattern more and more importantly, but the concentration intensity of population cores in inner suburb is still low.

Effects of Labor Allocation Distortion and Distortion-Free Scenarios on Industrial Output in China——An Empirical Study Based on Data of Production Industry Sectors

This paper aims to investigate the effects of labor allocation distortions and various levels of distortion-free labor allocation on social output in China's primary,secondary and tertiary industries.Theoretical model creation and empirical study have led us to the following findings:the quantity of workforce in China's primary industry exceeds the quantity of workforce under the scenario of distortion-free labor allocation and the same is generally true for China's tertiary industry.However,the quantity of labor allocation in secondary industry is significantly below the level of distortion-free allocation but the share of allocation distortion overall tends to decline.Labor allocation distortions for various sectors are mainly caused by intra-sectoral allocation distortions and sectoral wage differences,of which the effect of internal distortion factor is the most obvious.In terms of total output,the eliminations of total distortion,wage difference distortion and internal allocation distortion will all cause total social output to exceed original output,and labor reallocation accompanying capital change will not only bring about a further increase of output but may offset the defects of limited potentials of labor resources reallocation.Growth rates with the eliminations of wage difference distortion,internal allocation distortion and superimposed factor can basically explain for the growth rates with the elimination of all distortions.Given this background,it is necessary to take effective measures at an early date to reduce China s labor allocation distortions and improve overall economic efficiency.

Simulation Study on a Heat Pump System Using R744/R290 as Refrigerant

Based on the Chinese National Standards involving heat pump water heater and space heating system, performances of the R744/R290 subcritical heat pump system have been discussed and compared with those of the R22 system, which is widely used in heat pump systems in China nowadays. It can be indicated that R744/R290 mixture can work efficiently as a refrigerant for heat pumps with a large heat-sink temperature rise. When mass fraction of R290 is increased, discharge pressure is reduced. Under the nominal working condition, there is an optimum mixture mass fraction of 20/80 for R744/R290 under conventional condensation pressure. Both the heating COPhs （coefficient of performance） and volumetric heating capacity are increased by about 12.62% and 34.24% respectively compared with those of R22 based system. But for the heat sink with a small temperature rise, R744/R290 system has poorer performances than R22 system. When heat transfer pinch point in evaporator and condensation processes is considered, the degree of superheat has a negative influence upon system performances under the given conditions.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF INFLUENCE OF THE SSTA IN WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL ON RAINFALL IN THE FIRST FLOOD PERIOD IN SOUTH CHINA

A brief introduction of a global atmospheric circulation model CCM3, which is used to simulate the precipitation in China, the height and the flow fields of the atmosphere, is made and the reliability of simulation is analyzed. According to the negative correlation between rainfall in the first flood period in South China (FFSC) and sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in a key region in western Pacific warm pool (West Region), two sensitive experiments are designed to investigate the effects of the latter on the former and the possible physical mechanism is discussed. It is found that in cold water (warm water) years, the rainfall in South China (SC) is far more (less) than normal, while the rainfall in the middle and low reaches of the Yangtze River is relatively less (more). The best correlative area of precipitation is located in Guangdong Province. It matches the diagnostic result well. The effect of SSTA on precipitation of FFSC is realized through the abnormality of atmospheric circulation and tested by a P-σnine-layer regional climate model. Moreover, the simulated result of the P-σmodel is basically coincident with that of the CCM3.

《毛泽东早期文稿》中几个关键词语释义

本文通过对“宇宙真理”、“个人主义”和“真中国”这三个《毛泽东早期文稿》中关键词语的分析和解释,初步弄清了这些概念形成的外部来源和内在理路,从而使其真确涵义获得比较通透的认定,由此可使读者领略到毛泽东青年时期思想的主脉是由宇宙观、人生观和国家社会观三者重叠交织而成的一个深层结构,其精微渊奥之处,实与中国文化主流中的“天人合一”、“内圣外王”的精神相缘相接。“宇宙真理”是天地境界;“个人主义”是道德自律的伦理观;“真中国”包含一个立体的分层次的社会改造方案。三者都反映出青年毛泽东立足本源、重视基础的思想风格。

Effects of Slope Aspects on Soil Bacterial and Arbuscular Fungal Communities in a Boreal Forest in China

The effects of slope aspects on soil biogeochemical properties and plant communities in forested environments have been studied extensively; however, slope aspect influence on soil microbial communities remains largely unexamined, despite the central role of soil biota in ecosystem functioning. In this study, the communities of both soil bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） were investigated using tagged pyrosequencing for three types of slope aspects （south-facing aspect, north-facing aspect and flat area） in a boreal forest of the Greater Khingan Mountains, China. The bacterial and AMF community composition differed with slope aspects. Bacterial diversity was the lowest on the north-facing aspect, and AMF diversity was the lowest on the flat area. Aspects also had a significant impact on soil pH and available phosphorus （P） and shrubby biomass. Soil pH and understory shrub biomass were significantly correlated with bacterial communities, and soil available P and shrub biomass showed significant correlations with AMF communities. Our results suggested that slope aspects affected bacterial and AMF communities, mediated by aspect-induced changes in plant community and soil chemical properties （e.g., pH and available P）, which improved the knowledge on the effects of forest slope aspects on aboveground and belowground communities.

SYSTEM SIMULATION AND RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF CHINESE CARBON SEQUESTRATION MARKET

This study builds a simulation of Chinese carbon sequestration market(CSM) based on the Swarm platform and complex adaptive system(CAS) theory.The simulation results represent that the total assets and profits of the carbon sequestration project(CSP) buyer and seller are steadily on the increase in the carbon trading maxket.The market regulatory efficiency is determined by the market investment and the improvement of regulation policy.Furthermore,the real sample simulation of Sichuan Daduhe Forest CSP demonstrates that the profit of CSP traded in the CSM is higher than the profit from the transactions of outside exchange.It implies that establishing CSM is an effective way to improve the CSP business for investors and a positive action to response to global warming as well.Finally,this study applies an Analytic Hierarchy Process-Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation(AHPFCE) approach to evaluate the reliability of CSM simulation.It concludes that the CSM simulation is "more creditable",which indicates that the CSM simulation results can be used as a proxy to observe the market uncertainties.

Soil pH determines fungal diversity along an elevation gradient in Southwestern China

Fungi play important roles in ecosystem processes, and the elevational pattern of fungal diversity is still unclear. Here, we examined the diversity of fungi along a 1,000 m elevation gradient on Mount Nadu, Southwestern China. We used MiSeq sequencing to obtain fungal sequences that were clustered into operational taxonomic units(OTUs) and to measure the fungal composition and diversity. Though the species richness and phylogenetic diversity of the fungal community did not exhibit significant trends with increasing altitude, they were significantly lower at mid-altitudinal sites than at the base. The Bray-Curtis distance clustering also showed that the fungal communities varied significantly with altitude. A distance-based linear model multivariate analysis(DistLM) identified that soil pH dominated the explanatory power of the species richness(23.72%),phylogenetic diversity(24.25%) and beta diversity(28.10%) of the fungal community. Moreover, the species richness and phylogenetic diversity of the fungal community increased linearly with increasing soil pH(P<0.05). Our study provides evidence that pH is an important predictor of soil fungal diversity along elevation gradients in Southwestern China.