Conventional vacuum control in a milking system is accomplished by using a vacuum pump, sized for the maximum air flows into the milking system, running at a full speed. The difference between the pump capacity and th...Conventional vacuum control in a milking system is accomplished by using a vacuum pump, sized for the maximum air flows into the milking system, running at a full speed. The difference between the pump capacity and the necessary flow of air is compensated by allowing air to enter the system through a regulator. The solution presented in this paper uses a VFD （variable frequency driver） in order to drive the vacuum pump at a controlled speed, so that the air removed equals the air entering the milking system. The VFD technology is able to adjust the rate of air removal from the milking system, by changing the speed of the vacuum pump motor. The VFD is controlled by a computer using a virtual instrument in order to emulate a PID （proportion integration differentiation） regulator. The tests aimed to evaluate the vacuum regulator characteristics and vacuum stability. A statistical analysis of the experimental results was performed and it showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental results obtained for the two methods of vacuum regulation （with vacuum regulator and VFD controller respectively）. The experimental results proved that the used of the VFD controller led to a higher vacuum stability in terms of the error between the set vacuum value and the achieved values.展开更多
The mechanisms of thermal,ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet radiation degradation behaviors of the Eu2+,Mn2+ co-doped BaMgAl10O17 phosphors were investigated comparatively.The result indicated that the Mn2+ ions whic...The mechanisms of thermal,ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet radiation degradation behaviors of the Eu2+,Mn2+ co-doped BaMgAl10O17 phosphors were investigated comparatively.The result indicated that the Mn2+ ions which replaced the Mg2+ sites in the sample were stable and negligibly influenced by treatments.The oxidation and migration of Eu2+ ions primarily caused the thermal degradation of the sample.The vacuum ultraviolet radiation degradation was primarily because of the migration of Eu2+.The ultraviolet radiation increased traps which trended the Eu2+r to be in a metastable state,leading to the ultraviolet radiation degradation of the sample.The vacuum ultraviolet excited luminous loss of samples after ultraviolet radiation partly originated from the interruption of energy transfer from the host to activators by traps.展开更多
Behavioral ＂traditions＂, i.e. behavioral patterns that are acquired with the aid of social learning and that are relatively stable in a group, have been observed in several species. Recently, however, it has been qu...Behavioral ＂traditions＂, i.e. behavioral patterns that are acquired with the aid of social learning and that are relatively stable in a group, have been observed in several species. Recently, however, it has been questioned whether non-human social learning is faithful enough to stabilize those patterns. The observed stability could be interpreted as a result of various constraints that limit the number of possible alternative behaviors, rather than of the fidelity of transmission mechanisms. Those constraints can be roughly described as ＂internal＂, such as mechanical （bodily） properties or cognitive limitations and predispositions, and ＂ex- ternal＂, such as ecological availability or pressures. Here we present an evolutionary individual-based model that explores the re- lationships between the evolution of faithful social learning and behavioral constraints, represented both by the size of the beha- vioral repertoire and by the ＂shape＂ of the search space of a given task. We show that the evolution of high-fidelity transmission mechanisms, when associated with costs （e.g. cognitive, biomechanical, energetic, etc.）, is only likely if the potential behavioral repertoire of a species is large and if the search space does not provide information that can be exploited by individual learning. Moreover we show how stable behavioral patterns （＂traditions＂） can be achieved at the population level as an outcome of both high-fidelity and low-fidelity transmission mechanisms, given that the latter are coupled with a small behavioral repertoire or with a search space that provide substantial feedback. Finally, by introducing the possibility of environmental change, we show that intermediate rates of change favor the evolution of faithful social learning展开更多
文摘Conventional vacuum control in a milking system is accomplished by using a vacuum pump, sized for the maximum air flows into the milking system, running at a full speed. The difference between the pump capacity and the necessary flow of air is compensated by allowing air to enter the system through a regulator. The solution presented in this paper uses a VFD （variable frequency driver） in order to drive the vacuum pump at a controlled speed, so that the air removed equals the air entering the milking system. The VFD technology is able to adjust the rate of air removal from the milking system, by changing the speed of the vacuum pump motor. The VFD is controlled by a computer using a virtual instrument in order to emulate a PID （proportion integration differentiation） regulator. The tests aimed to evaluate the vacuum regulator characteristics and vacuum stability. A statistical analysis of the experimental results was performed and it showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental results obtained for the two methods of vacuum regulation （with vacuum regulator and VFD controller respectively）. The experimental results proved that the used of the VFD controller led to a higher vacuum stability in terms of the error between the set vacuum value and the achieved values.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Young Foundation of China(Grant No.10904057)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.Lzjbky-2011-125)+1 种基金the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.50925206)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 10874061)
文摘The mechanisms of thermal,ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet radiation degradation behaviors of the Eu2+,Mn2+ co-doped BaMgAl10O17 phosphors were investigated comparatively.The result indicated that the Mn2+ ions which replaced the Mg2+ sites in the sample were stable and negligibly influenced by treatments.The oxidation and migration of Eu2+ ions primarily caused the thermal degradation of the sample.The vacuum ultraviolet radiation degradation was primarily because of the migration of Eu2+.The ultraviolet radiation increased traps which trended the Eu2+r to be in a metastable state,leading to the ultraviolet radiation degradation of the sample.The vacuum ultraviolet excited luminous loss of samples after ultraviolet radiation partly originated from the interruption of energy transfer from the host to activators by traps.
文摘Behavioral ＂traditions＂, i.e. behavioral patterns that are acquired with the aid of social learning and that are relatively stable in a group, have been observed in several species. Recently, however, it has been questioned whether non-human social learning is faithful enough to stabilize those patterns. The observed stability could be interpreted as a result of various constraints that limit the number of possible alternative behaviors, rather than of the fidelity of transmission mechanisms. Those constraints can be roughly described as ＂internal＂, such as mechanical （bodily） properties or cognitive limitations and predispositions, and ＂ex- ternal＂, such as ecological availability or pressures. Here we present an evolutionary individual-based model that explores the re- lationships between the evolution of faithful social learning and behavioral constraints, represented both by the size of the beha- vioral repertoire and by the ＂shape＂ of the search space of a given task. We show that the evolution of high-fidelity transmission mechanisms, when associated with costs （e.g. cognitive, biomechanical, energetic, etc.）, is only likely if the potential behavioral repertoire of a species is large and if the search space does not provide information that can be exploited by individual learning. Moreover we show how stable behavioral patterns （＂traditions＂） can be achieved at the population level as an outcome of both high-fidelity and low-fidelity transmission mechanisms, given that the latter are coupled with a small behavioral repertoire or with a search space that provide substantial feedback. Finally, by introducing the possibility of environmental change, we show that intermediate rates of change favor the evolution of faithful social learning
