COPD患者吸入沙美特罗氟替卡松出现口腔真菌感染的23例临床研究

目的对吸入沙美特罗氟替卡松治疗的COPD患者中出现口腔真菌感染的23例病例进行临床研究分析。方法回顾性分析2009~2011本院接受沙美特罗氟替卡松吸入治疗的437例COPD患者患者中出现的23例口腔真菌感染病例进行了临床资料的分析。结果 2009年1月至2011年12月我院经吸入沙美特罗氟替卡松治疗的437例COPD患者中出现的23例口腔真菌感染病例。发生口腔真菌感染比例5.26%：本次研究中出现口腔真菌感染者多为老年患者,多有吸烟史（78.26%）,合并其它一种及一种以上的慢性疾病。多未做好吸入后及时漱口,而在发现口腔真菌感染后给予5%碳酸氢钠1日2次漱口护理,有78.26%的患者可治疗口腔溃疡,口腔护理工作对吸入沙美特罗氟替卡松治疗的COPD患者相当重要。吸入沙美特罗氟替卡松治疗COPD患者出现口腔真菌感染的细菌分布及耐药性分析,以白假丝酵母菌为主,占73.91%。结论吸入沙美特罗氟替卡松治疗COPD安全有效,合并出现的口腔真菌感染可控制可预防,多无需停药,吸入治疗后及时漱口尤为重要。需警惕合并其它表现为口腔真菌感染的疾病存在。

恶性血液病合并肺部侵袭性真菌感染的治疗药物对比研究

目的对恶性血液病合并肺部侵袭性真菌感染药物治疗方案的效果进行对比研究。方法随机抽取我院从2013年3月至2014年3月收治的恶性血液病合并肺部侵袭性真菌感染患者90例,按照治疗药物的不同分为A、B、C 3组,每组各30例。其中A组患者使用伊曲康唑治疗,B组患者使用氟康唑进行治疗,C组使用两性霉素B进行治疗,将3组患者的治疗效果和不良反应进行对比。结果经对比发现,B组治疗的总有效率显著低于A组和C组;C组患者不良反应的发生率显著高于A组和B组,且组间差异都具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论使用伊曲康唑和两性霉素B治疗恶性血液病合并肺部侵袭性真菌感染效果显著,且伊曲康唑不良反应较少,故更适合用于临床治疗。

ICU病人肺部真菌感染抢占先机治疗临床分析

目的:探讨抢占先机治疗对重症患者肺部真菌感染率的影响。方法:选择入住ICU合并肺部感染241例,分为经验性预防治疗组60例,抢占先机治疗组64例,分别予以伊曲康唑0.2g,静滴,每日一次,治疗1周;对照组115例;治疗后分别统计肺部真菌感染率。结果治疗组治疗后肺部真菌感染率明显下降,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论经验性预防治疗和抢占先机治疗均能明显降低肺部真菌感染率,其中抢占先机治疗方法更为合理。

98株酵母样真菌药物敏感试验的观察

近年酵母样真菌感染日渐增多,迫切需要一种新的快速、简易、准确的抗真菌药物敏感试验的方法。法国生物梅里埃公司生产的ATBFUNGUS药敏试剂盒是快速试验之一。我们对98份从临床标本中检出的真菌,用该试剂盒进行药敏试验,现将结果分析报告如下。 1 材料与方法 1.1 材料 (1)标本来源:为我院住院患者痰、咽拭、尿、粪便、引流物等培养分离的98株酵母样真菌,按文献的方法鉴定。其中念珠菌属10种:包括白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌、季也蒙念珠菌、伪热带念珠菌、克柔氏念珠菌、葡萄牙念珠菌、土生念珠菌、白球念珠菌、平托念珠菌。

Analysis of infections in the first 3-month after living donor liver transplantation

AIM:To identify factors related to serious postoperative bacterial and fungal infections in the first 3 mo after living donor liver transplantation(LDLT).METHODS:In the present study,the data of 207 patients from 2004 to 2011 were reviewed.The pre-,intra-and post-operative factors were statistically analyzed.All transplantations were approved by the ethics committee of West China Hospital,Sichuan University.Patients with definitely preoperative infections and infections within 48 h after transplantation were excluded from current study.All potential risk factors were analyzed using univariate analyses.Factors significant at a P < 0.10 in the univariate analyses were involved in the multivariate analyses.The diagnostic accuracy of the identified risk factors was evaluated using receiver operating curve.RESULTS:The serious bacterial and fungal infection rates were 14.01% and 4.35% respectively.Enterococcus faecium was the predominant bacterial pathogen,whereas Candida albicans was the most common fungal pathogen.Lung was the most common infection site for both bacterial and fungal infections.Recipient age older than 45 years,preoperative hyponatremia,intensive care unit stay longer than 9 d,postoperative bile leak and severe hyperglycemia were independent risk factors for postoperative bacterial infection.Massive red blood cells transfusion and postoperative bacterial infection may be related to postoperative fungal infection.CONCLUSION:Predictive risk factors for bacterial and fungal infections were indentified in current study.Pre-,intra-and post-operative factors can cause postoperative bacterial and fungal infections after LDLT.

Evaluation of Sunlight and Humidity Protection of a Bioherbicide for Eichornia crassipes Biocontrol

C. piaropi （Cercospora piaropi） and A. zonatum （Acremonium zonatum） have proved to be effective in reducing water hyacinth growth. However, efficacy of these fungi in field is limited by the effect of solar UV （ultraviolet） light and desiccation. In this study, three compounds used as sunscreens and one seed plant that produce mucilage were tested for their effects on the infection produced by C. piaropi and A. zonatum inoculum under laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory conditions, TiO2 （titanium dioxide） and metamucil did not inhibit C. piaropi and A. zonatum viability. Moreover, the addition of TiO2 and metamucil to the inoculum suspension increased fungi infection. The protective effect of TiO2 and metamucil was more evident when the inoculum suspension was applied 4 h before sunset. These results suggest that addition of TiO2 and metamucil provides necessary humidity and solar protection for increasing C piaropi and A. zonatum infection on water hyacinth plants.

Gibbago trianthemae Simmons, a Biocontrol Agent of Horse Purslane Weed： Research and Prospect

Trianthema portulacastrum L. （commonly known as horse purslane） is a noxious weed of several economically important field crops in tropical regions of the world. An intensive work on the screening of the biocontrol agents was accomplished through in vitro epidemic study to control weed populations. The foliar disease symptoms on infected weed plants caused by fungal pathogens represented as round to irregular maroon spots with dark borders and the epidemic was identified as leaf spot disease. The pathogen allied with the infection of horse purslane was isolated from infectious propagules by inoculation of leaf bites on a nutrient medium, potato dextrose agar （PDA）. The causal agent of leaf spot was confirmed as Gibbago trianthemae Simmons by Koch＇s postulates. The mycoherbicide ability of G. trianthemae has been examined through visual （standard area diagram） and statistical methods （analysis of variance using the Microsoft Office Excel-Data Analysis Tool Pack 2007）. The results revealed that the pathogen causes significantly （P 〈 0.05） severe infection on host weed and destructs the weed population by leaf spot diseases. The findings of the research suggested that the isolate G. trianthemae is highly virulent and host-specific, and recommended for further studies as a promising biocontrol agent against horse purslane weed.

Immunoscintigraphy with ^99mTc-Besilesomab in Aid to Fusiariosis Detection in Patients with Relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia （AML）： A Case Report and Literature Review

The aim of this article is to emphasize the importance of nuclear medicine in fungal infection characterization through a case report. Case： patient female, with AML-M2, hospitalized with fever, dyspnea, nausea, myasthenia, abdominal pain and diarrhea. In the physical examination exacerbated lesion in abdominal wall and subcutaneous nodules in upper and lower limbs. The computed tomography of the chest evinced area of attenuation in ground-glass opacities in the middle lobe, tending to consolidation and bilateral nodular opacities with ground-glass halo which suggested an infiammatory/infectious process of fungal etiology. Immunoscintigraphy with ^99mTc-besilesomab （Scintimun） identified focal infectious processes in activity, scattered over cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues, predominantly in extremities. In blood culture test, there was a growth ofFusarium sp. There is a difficulty in the diagnosis of fungal infections, both in clinical and imaging methods. There is no specific method to reaching the target. In addition, fungal diseases can be divided into focally localized or disseminated infections. There is a greater difficulty in the diagnosis of immunocompromised individuals due to the deficiency of basic defense mechanisms. Scintimun （scintigraphy with besilesomab） is a useful tool of nuclear medicine in the diagnosis of infectious and inflammatory diseases to allow the image of the whole-body and in vivo detection of early pathological and physiological phenomena, even before anatomical alterations occur.

Genotyping and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Sequential Candida albicans Isolated from the Oral Cavity of HIV-Infected Individuals

Objective： The study aimed to evaluate the genotypic profiles of C. albicans （Candida albicans） sequentially isolated throughout the course of HIV infections, and to determine its MIC （minimal inhibitory concentrations） to AMB （amphotericin B）, FLC （fluconazole）, KTC （ketoconazole）, and ITC （itraconazole）. Design： samples were collected from the oral cavity of HIV-positive individuals during 4 years, with a sterilized swab. MIC was performed by using the microdilution method AFST/EUCAST. The genetic similarities within and between sequential clones of C. albicans were assessed by DNA fingerprinting using the random amplification ofpolymorphic DNA technique. Results： A total of 142 oral samples were isolated from 59 HIV-infected individuals who attempted up to five visits each, with or without symptoms of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Profile analysis revealed that yeasts isolated over sequential visits from symptomatic or asymptomatic individuals showed 78% or 87% relatedness, respectively. The degree of similarity among C. albicans was higher for isolates from colonization than for those from infection. Genetically identical C. albicans samples also formed connected subelusters in sequential visits. In regard to susceptibility profile, all isolates were susceptible to AMB, FLC, KTC, and ITC and maintained this pattern all along, no differences in MICs of any given antifungal compound were observed for sequential C. albicans isolates. Conclusions： These data suggest that genotype and susceptibility to antifimgal drugs were maintained over time in sequentially isolates of C. albicans colonization and a diverse evolutionary genetic trend in C. albicans sequentially isolated from the oral eandidiasis of HIV infected individuals.

Differential Pathogenic Response in Strawberry Tissues and Organs by Colletotrichum acutatum

The susceptibility of different tissues and organs from strawberry plants, cv ＂Camarosa＂, to Colletotrichum acutatum was tested using a severity index based on infection response. Symptoms developed on inoculated tissues were characterized along 30 days. Flowers, except sepals, petioles and fruits were the most susceptible organs to the pathogen and they became necrotic tissues at 30 days post inoculation （dpi）. Also, well-developed acervuli, which produced masses of orange-pink spores, were observed on these infected organs. An asymptomatic stage or latency phase was observed in green and white strawberry fruits. In spite of they were inoculated anthracnose symptoms were observed only when they became red fruits. On the other hand, strawberry leaves and sepals were resistant to infection by C. acutatum and only small flecks or light brown spots were observed reaching a size of 1 to 5 mm at 30 dpi. Likewise, the susceptibility of stolons and crowns to C. acutatum was evaluated as intermediate at 30 dpi. Finally, the infection process of the fungus on strawberry leaves and petioles was studied using light and electron microscopy. Pre-penetration events were similar on both, leaves and petioles： However, differences between colonization of strawberry leaves and petioles by C. acutatum were observed.

Determination of the Time of Degradation Trifloxystrobines Fungicide Used in the Apples

Combating the powdery mildew of apples requires permanent intervention with chemical substances. Such interventions are imposed by the development cycle of this pathogen, which during its entire vegetation produces its vegetative reproduction organs-conidia which in turn cause continuous infections. For this purpose, a whole range of fungicides is applied every year, which in order to provide more successful protection is supplemented by new chemical components. One of the most common fungicides which have been largely applied recently in protection of apple cultivars from this disease caused by the pathogen Podosphaera leucotricha is a fungicide produced under the trademark ZATO WG 50, mainly composed of trifloxystrobin. This fungicide also provided the best results in combating this disease during our three-year-long experiment, when compared to other types of fungicides. Taking into account the biology of this pathogen, this fungicide should be introduced until the end of vegetation, which may raise suspicion of its degradation into the apple fruits. In our study, apart from measuring the intensity scale of infection with this disease, we also conducted analyses of the time needed for trifloxystrobin to degrade into the apple fruits, by accurately determining the time of its decomposition by its application into two different concentrations.

Agroinfection of sweet potato by vacuum infiltration of an infectious sweepovirus

Sweepovirus is an important monopartite begomovirus that infects plants of the genus Ipomoea worldwide. Development of artificial infection methods for sweepovirus using agroinoculation is a highly efficient means of studying infectivity in sweet potato. Unlike other begomoviruses, it has proven difficult to infect sweet potato plants with sweepoviruses using infectious clones. A novel sweepovirus, called Sweet potato leaf curl virus-Jiangsu(SPLCV-JS), was recently identified in China. In addition, the infectivity of the SPLCV-JS clone has been demonstrated in Nicotiana benthamiana. Here we describe the agroinfection of the sweet potato cultivar Xushu 22 with the SPLCV-JS infectious clone using vacuum infiltration. Yellowing symptoms were observed in newly emerged leaves. Molecular analysis confirmed successful inoculation by the detection of viral DNA. A synergistic effect of SPLCV-JS and the heterologous betasatellite DNA-β of Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus isolate Y10(TYLCCNV-Y10) on enhanced symptom severity and viral DNA accumulation was confirmed. The development of a routine agroinoculation system in sweet potato with SPLCV-JS using vacuum infiltration should facilitate the molecular study of sweepovirus in this host and permit the evaluation of virus resistance of sweet potato plants in breeding programs.

Wheat Genetic Transformation as Efficient Tools to Fight against Fungal Diseases

Wheat ranks first among cereal crops cultivated in the world. In its production, diseases like powdery mildew, fusarium head blight and rusts caused by fungal pathogens represent a major problem. They produce different symptoms that cause severe crop damage by infecting the spikes, leaves, roots, stems and grains. They are causing losses both by reducing the quantity of the harvested crop and the quality of the product. Quality problems of the harvested product can be due to shrivelled seed, which are frequently found as a consequence of the infection by leaf pathogens, such as mildews, rusts and Septoria. Fusarium head blight is the major culprit for mycotoxin contamination from the harvested grain, causing economic losses and in the worst casing human and animal health problems. In severe epidemics, all these fungal diseases can significantly reduce yield. Resistance to fungi is beneficial not only from a commercial point of view （yield）, but also because of the reduced levels of mycotoxins. The integration of transgenic approaches offers a potential chemical-free and environment-friendly solution for controlling fungal pathogens. This is an essential asset for wheat world food security.

Clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous itraconazole in patients with invasive fungal infections in emergency intensive care unit

This study aimed to analyze the clinical efficacy and safety of itraconazole. We investigated 68 patients with invasive fungal infections（IFI） in emergency intensive care unit（EICU）. A retrospective analysis was performed in patients with IFI who were treated in the authors＇ institution, a grade III first class hospital in Beijing, China, between Feb. 2013 and Feb. 2015. The age of patients ranged from 35 to 90 years old with the mean age of（75.1±11.1） years old. The study population comprised 36 male and 32 female patients. Total response rate was 60.3%. The response rates in definitive diagnosis, clinical diagnosis and presumed diagnosis were 33.3%, 59.5% and 65.2%, respectively（P〈0.05）. The empirical treatment should be provided for patients with presumed diagnosis as earlier as possible. Eleven（16.2%） cases had adverse drug event（ADE） during treatment. The main signs were hepatic functional impairment and hypokalemia of ADE. The clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous itraconazole were precisely assessed. To reduce the adverse drug reaction（ADR）, hepatic and renal function and other biochemical criterion should be closely monitored.

健康宠物生命——Natures Gift“贵族”——鸸鹋油高密度营养猫粮

如果你的猫咪总是对饭碗里的猫粮毫无兴趣,连耸耸鼻子发表个评价都不愿意;如果你的猫咪如前面健康文章中的一样,被毛生涩、暗晦,或正在遭遇皮肤问题;如果你的猫咪因为某些猫粮中廉价的添加剂正在引发健康危机……很多东西,失去后才懂得珍惜。如果上述情况正在发生,作为主人恐怕难辞其咎,其实选择一种配方健康、营养,质地、味道一流的猫粮,足以让猫咪受益终生——