The anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum ( Brandenburger and Schvinn) G. Deml. and Oberw.) causes a systematic infection of its host Silene dioica ( L.) Clairv., resulting in sterility and production of teliospores (dis...The anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum ( Brandenburger and Schvinn) G. Deml. and Oberw.) causes a systematic infection of its host Silene dioica ( L.) Clairv., resulting in sterility and production of teliospores (dispersal propagules) in flowers. These spores are transmitted to healthy plants mainly by flower visitors. The behavioral responses of flower visitors to a variation in floral characters are not only likely to affect rates of pollen export/import, but also the rate of spore deposition and probability of disease. In a transplantation experiment, using plants from four different populations, we tested for correlation between variation in female floral morphology and patterns of spore and pollen deposition, and a resulting risk of disease. The source populations in this experiment were located on four islands in Skeppsvik archipelago in northern Sweden, and represented a gradient of disease incidence from completely healthy ( Island 1), low incidence ( Island 2) to high incidences ( Islands 3 and 4) of disease. Fifty plants from each population were transplanted to the center, of the population on Island 4. There were significant differences among the transplants in floral characters, i.e. corolla size, style length and ovule number. Plants from the non-diseased population had larger flowers and longer styles than plants from the highly diseased populations. Numbers of pollen grains and spores deposited on flowers were strongly and positively correlated. We found that plants originating from the non-diseased population captured approximately 4 times more pollen and 9 times more spores, per flower than die individuals from the resident population (Island 4, population 4). The incidences of disease among plants, from the four populations differed significantly, and was 37%, 20%, 18% and 0 for populations 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. In a survey of ten populations we found a significant negative correlation between the mean style length ( positively correlated with corolla size and ovule number) among healthy plants and incidence of disease in these populations. The potentiality for pathogen-pollinator mediated selection oil floral characters; and consequences for gone flow between populations of Silene dioica are discussed.展开更多
Landing dynamic simulation and landing-gear optimization design are used to improve the landing-gear design for a flexible airplane. Landing response is simulated by using velocity-squared damping, polytropic exponent...Landing dynamic simulation and landing-gear optimization design are used to improve the landing-gear design for a flexible airplane. Landing response is simulated by using velocity-squared damping, polytropic exponential air-compression spring, tire force power function characteristics, and an equivalent three-mass system.Optimization of landing-gear parameters is performed considering the maximum displacement of the landing-gear shock stroke, the maximum landing-gear force and the maximum deformation of the wingtip in the landing impact. Resutls show that landing-gear design parameters have an important influence on the structural flexibility of the airplane. And the landing performance of the landing-gear can be improved by the optimized metering pin type landing-gear.展开更多
The present paper deals with the behavior of the Attached Microbial Community (AMC) for water self-purification at different riverbeds in a typical local river. The study quantitatively investigated the problem starti...The present paper deals with the behavior of the Attached Microbial Community (AMC) for water self-purification at different riverbeds in a typical local river. The study quantitatively investigated the problem starting with in-situ sampling. It was found that more biomass of AMC was at riffles with wider distribution than in pools. High current velocity (HCV) plays a negative role at the initial stage of attachment on the riverbed, but HCV aids the community proliferation after stable attachment. External disturbances such as rainfalls and discharges from dams or reservoirs would detach the periphyton depending on the intensity of turbulence in water. However, it was discovered that the flock of periphyton could be restored very quickly because it was not completely removed. Thus, in order to enhance self-purification by periphyton, a suitable configuration of the riverbed must be constructed, and occasional appropriate repair along the channels would improve the decontamination of the river.展开更多
Non-acceptance of natural African American hair is evident in mainstream media, and within the African American community. As a result, many Afi＇ican American women lack knowledge about how to care for their naturall...Non-acceptance of natural African American hair is evident in mainstream media, and within the African American community. As a result, many Afi＇ican American women lack knowledge about how to care for their naturally kinky hair because straightened hair has been the standard and norm. Therefore, women wearing natural hair had to seek support and education outside of their immediate community via social networking sites. Through a participatory culture framework via an Afrocentric lens, the results revealed that producers of these sites became the needed support and comfort that the natural hair community was missing. Through communication with these producers and their sites, a space was created where women began to appreciate and love their natural hair.展开更多
基于系统理论,把飞机进近着陆阶段不安全事件发生当作系统的涌现特性,将其安全问题当作控制问题,本文采用系统理论过程分析（system theoretic process analysis, STPA）方法进行进近着陆阶段的安全性分析,明确了这一阶段的不安全控制行...基于系统理论,把飞机进近着陆阶段不安全事件发生当作系统的涌现特性,将其安全问题当作控制问题,本文采用系统理论过程分析（system theoretic process analysis, STPA）方法进行进近着陆阶段的安全性分析,明确了这一阶段的不安全控制行为,剖析了产生不安全控制行为的主动控制致因因素和反馈致因因素.以飞行员提供不正确的进近着陆高度,速度,下滑角的不安全控制行为（UCA1）为例,剖析其具体的致因因素;最后,在构建飞机进近着陆过程简化的运动学计算框架基础上,对进近着陆过程进行运动学计算分析.对不安全控制行为1 （UCA1）作具体解算和分析,开展了基于STPA的定量安全性分析,表明STPA方法在进近着陆阶段安全性分析是有效的.展开更多
文摘The anther-smut Microbotryum violaceum ( Brandenburger and Schvinn) G. Deml. and Oberw.) causes a systematic infection of its host Silene dioica ( L.) Clairv., resulting in sterility and production of teliospores (dispersal propagules) in flowers. These spores are transmitted to healthy plants mainly by flower visitors. The behavioral responses of flower visitors to a variation in floral characters are not only likely to affect rates of pollen export/import, but also the rate of spore deposition and probability of disease. In a transplantation experiment, using plants from four different populations, we tested for correlation between variation in female floral morphology and patterns of spore and pollen deposition, and a resulting risk of disease. The source populations in this experiment were located on four islands in Skeppsvik archipelago in northern Sweden, and represented a gradient of disease incidence from completely healthy ( Island 1), low incidence ( Island 2) to high incidences ( Islands 3 and 4) of disease. Fifty plants from each population were transplanted to the center, of the population on Island 4. There were significant differences among the transplants in floral characters, i.e. corolla size, style length and ovule number. Plants from the non-diseased population had larger flowers and longer styles than plants from the highly diseased populations. Numbers of pollen grains and spores deposited on flowers were strongly and positively correlated. We found that plants originating from the non-diseased population captured approximately 4 times more pollen and 9 times more spores, per flower than die individuals from the resident population (Island 4, population 4). The incidences of disease among plants, from the four populations differed significantly, and was 37%, 20%, 18% and 0 for populations 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. In a survey of ten populations we found a significant negative correlation between the mean style length ( positively correlated with corolla size and ovule number) among healthy plants and incidence of disease in these populations. The potentiality for pathogen-pollinator mediated selection oil floral characters; and consequences for gone flow between populations of Silene dioica are discussed.
文摘Landing dynamic simulation and landing-gear optimization design are used to improve the landing-gear design for a flexible airplane. Landing response is simulated by using velocity-squared damping, polytropic exponential air-compression spring, tire force power function characteristics, and an equivalent three-mass system.Optimization of landing-gear parameters is performed considering the maximum displacement of the landing-gear shock stroke, the maximum landing-gear force and the maximum deformation of the wingtip in the landing impact. Resutls show that landing-gear design parameters have an important influence on the structural flexibility of the airplane. And the landing performance of the landing-gear can be improved by the optimized metering pin type landing-gear.
文摘The present paper deals with the behavior of the Attached Microbial Community (AMC) for water self-purification at different riverbeds in a typical local river. The study quantitatively investigated the problem starting with in-situ sampling. It was found that more biomass of AMC was at riffles with wider distribution than in pools. High current velocity (HCV) plays a negative role at the initial stage of attachment on the riverbed, but HCV aids the community proliferation after stable attachment. External disturbances such as rainfalls and discharges from dams or reservoirs would detach the periphyton depending on the intensity of turbulence in water. However, it was discovered that the flock of periphyton could be restored very quickly because it was not completely removed. Thus, in order to enhance self-purification by periphyton, a suitable configuration of the riverbed must be constructed, and occasional appropriate repair along the channels would improve the decontamination of the river.
文摘Non-acceptance of natural African American hair is evident in mainstream media, and within the African American community. As a result, many Afi＇ican American women lack knowledge about how to care for their naturally kinky hair because straightened hair has been the standard and norm. Therefore, women wearing natural hair had to seek support and education outside of their immediate community via social networking sites. Through a participatory culture framework via an Afrocentric lens, the results revealed that producers of these sites became the needed support and comfort that the natural hair community was missing. Through communication with these producers and their sites, a space was created where women began to appreciate and love their natural hair.
