柔性教育:美国高等改革的新动向

柔性教育是以满足科技与经济社会发展不断变化的客观要求和培养学生未来适应能力为宗旨的教育 .本文对柔性教育的产生发展进行了系统的分析 ,总结归纳了柔性教育的主要内容、基本特点 。

Fuzzy multiple attribute decision-making model for synergic knowledge innovation in supply chain

The procedure of supply chain development is the process of continuously congregating knowledge and transforming knowledge.First,the precondition of synergic knowledge innovation in the supply chain is narrated.Then the characteristics of synergic knowledge innovation in the supply chain are analyzed,including complexity,accumulating and evolving process,and the cooperation of members and network integration.Due to the characteristics of multi-factors and uncertainties of the supply chain system,the fuzzy multi-attribution group decision-making model is introduced to solve the involved problem of synergic knowledge innovation in the supply chain.After elaborating on steps of using the fuzzy multiple attribute decision-making(MADM)model,the procedure of decision making for synergic knowledge innovation in the supply chain is explained from an example in the application of a fuzzy MADM model.The fuzzy MADM model,which amalgamates intuition and resolution decision-making can effectively improve the rationality of decision-making for synergic knowledge innovation in the supply chain.

Understanding autism spectrum disorder and coping mechanism by parents:An explorative study

Objective:This study aimed to explore the perceptions of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD)and their coping strategies.Methods:The data of the study was collected using face-to-face semi-structured interviews.The participants were purposefully selected from the three schools in Mpumalanga Province because they had children diagnosed with ASD and data was analyzed using thematic content analysis.In this study,primary caregivers were selected.In the end,12 women were interviewed,and the data saturation was reached.Ethical considerations and measures to ensure trustworthiness were carried out throughout the study.Results:The findings revealed two themes:caregivers’understanding and misconceptions of ASD and coping mechanisms used in dealing challenges of caring for a child with ASD;and five subthemes:lack of knowledge,cultural beliefs,prayer,strong support system,and acceptance.Conclusion:Based on the findings,more awareness campaigns should be done on ASD to increase parents’understanding of the condition.Understanding the cultural beliefs of parents regarding ASD may assist health care professionals in developing care practices that are accepted in their culture,and may enhance parents’coping skills.

Modeling and Robustness of Knowledge Network in Supply Chain

The growth and evolution of the knowledge network in supply chain can be characterized by dynamic growth clustering and non-homogeneous degree distribution.The networks with the above characteristics are also known as scale-free networks.In this paper,the knowledge network model in supply chain is established,in which the preferential attachment mechanism based on the node strength is adopted to simulate the growth and evolution of the network.The nodes in the network have a certain preference in the choice of a knowledge partner.On the basis of the network model,the robustness of the three network models based on different preferential attachment strategies is investigated.The robustness is also referred to as tolerances when the nodes are subjected to random destruction and malicious damage.The simulation results of this study show that the improved network has higher connectivity and stability.

Sustaining the Gains of Change： Lessons for Organizational Leadership

With the aim of drawing valuable lessons for the management and planning of similar business transformation initiatives, this paper critically evaluates a change project at an organization in South Africa, from three inter-woven dimensions： creating the climate for change, engaging and enabling the organization, and sustaining change. Firstly, a key achievement demonstrates that attempts to create a conducive climate for change should recognize that the unit of change in any organization is, ultimately, the individual. Levers for such initiatives should navigate the macro-organizational change narrative and translate change generalities into specific individual actions and behaviors. Secondly, learning from an implementation gap, similar efforts would gain better traction in engagement and empowerment by leveraging on an influential cross-functional team made up of enthusiastic supporters of the required change, to foster ownership and to embrace change across the organization. Key characteristics that should be represented on the team include leadership skills, expertise, credibility, effective communication, and a sense of urgency. Thirdly, in terms of sustaining change, twin lessons surge to the fore. On a positive note, by progressing its values-set into an annual staff award, there is a pointer to the potential of innovatively encouraging and rewarding employees to live the value qualities. And, on the flip side, a need is underscore of the critical role of seamless executive leadership, providing ongoing co-creating windows for instilling positive attitudes and creating synergies among related strategic initiatives.

Improving Flexibility of Supply Chain with Knowledge Management

In the tide of knowledge economy, the supply chain is facing the diversified customs＇ preference and the uncertain market demand. Core companies should encourage the staff of knowledge innovation and apply scientific means to forecast extemal conditions reasonably for response market test rapidly. Through the analysis of the problems existing in the flexible management, they would make corresponding measures to solve those problems to improve enterprise performance.

Modified Projective Synchronization of a New Hyperchaotic System with Known or Unknown Parameters

This work presents two different methods-nonlinear control method and adaptive control approach to achieve the modified projective synchronization of a new hyperchaotic system with known or unknown parameters.Based on Lyapunov stability theory,nonlinear control method is adopted when the parameters of driving and response systems are known beforehand;when the parameters are fully unknown,adaptive controllers and parameters update laws are proposed to synchronize two different hyperchaotic system and identify the unknown parameters.Moreover,the rate of synchronization can be regulated by adjusting the control gains designed in the controllers.The corresponding simulations are exploited to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed two methods.

A Control of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems with Unknown Control Direction Via Adaptive Backstepping

The adaptive stabilization problem of nonlinear systems are studied. For a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with unknown control direction, we proposed a robust adaptive backstepping scheme withσ-modification by introducing Nussbaum function and Backstep- ping methods, and proved that all the signals of the closed-loop systems are bounded.

ADRs and Children： Knowledge and Methodological Standard in PASS （Post Authorization Safety Studies）

PhV （pharmacovigilance） knowledge has the outcome of being inadequate in particular due to the lack of instruction. Pediatricians have to face the realization that over-the-counter medicines increments the peril of ADRs （adverse drug reactions） has become a public health concern. The purpose of this article is to disseminate knowledge of the PhV and to highlight the cultural and organizational difficulties for its implementation. The objectives of promoting the organization of specific training courses and research projects aimed at： （1） to foster the culture of iatrogenic disease in pediatrics; （2） to improve the appropriateness of prescribing drugs in children; （3） to enco.urage spontaneous reporting of ADRs in children; （4） to involve Pediatricians in PASS （post-authorization safety studies） according to GCP, GVP and ENCEPP Code of Conduct. An up to date proposal of PhV, a procedure of preparation improves the productivity of creating novel informative reports which can be utilized for a benefit/risk scrutiny making strides in medicine prescription. In this context, FP-MCRN （family paediatficians-medicines for children research network） established with the aim of developing competence, infrastructure and education for paediatric clinical trials, plays a crucial role in paediatric PhV, through an improvement of PhV training, a correct research methodology and very strong relationship with the families. The initial necessity is cultural, implementing culture of iatrogenic illnesses and a watchful evaluation of the importance of PASS by FPs （family pediatricians）. Participation in clinical trials that generates a precise database administered by FPs together with follow-up outcomes becomes relevant and vital for a scrupulous and accurate assessment of ADRs. PASS can foresee on one hand training and information regarding the proper use of drugs in children and possible iatrogenic pathologies caused by their improper use, the other to constitute a territorial survey in the prescriptive appropriateness and safety of pediatric drugs aimed at evaluating the risk-benefit balance on usage.

Application of Constructivism in English Teaching

Constructivism is an important branch of cognitive theory. It is a leading theory of education at the end of 20th century and the early 21th century. Language itself is a kind of social construct, learning a language is construct personal knowledge. Under the guidance of constructivist learning theory, English teaching has transformed into a student-centered self-construct mode. It created a new situation that students can receive the overall development and personality development through situation setting, collaborative learning and meaning construction.