知识三分法在儿童发展与教育中的意义(英文)

目的:根据儿童获取知识的方式对知识进行分类,探讨合适的认知教育方式。方法:从认知心理学角度,根据儿童获得和掌握知识的特点,对知识进行归纳和比较。结果:提出了记忆、理解和体验三类知识划分的概念、获取方式和特征。①记忆类知识的掌握主要依赖于单纯的识记,较少涉及理解和经验,具有很强的继承性和传播性。②理解类知识的掌握主要依赖于逻辑,记忆处于相对次要的地位,也具有可继承性和可传播性。③体验类知识的掌握在很大程度上依赖于经验或体验,以及在体验基础上的感悟。记忆和逻辑思维仅处于相对次要的位置,具有非继承性和非传播性。结论:记忆、理解和体验三类知识的增长均与儿童年龄的增长相关。其中体验类知识不能通过传统的课堂教学和教材来获得,对这类知识的特性与学习掌握方式的探讨于儿童的健康成长和知识扩展尤为重要。

认知诊断评估中知识状态估计方法简述

尽管认知诊断评估的方法或模型众多,但其最终目的都是要报告被试属性掌握的强项与不足,即对被试的知识状态进行估计或分类。本文主要对规则空间模型、属性层级模型、确定性输入噪音与门模型和其他几个模型下知识状态估计方法进行简述,重点介绍各知识状态估计方法的基本思想、优缺点及它们内在的联系与区别。最后,概述影响知识状态估计结果的因素,并提出应进一步研究的问题。

Knowledge discovery method for feature-decision level fusion of multiple classifiers

To improve the performance of the multiple classifier system, a new method of feature-decision level fusion is proposed based on knowledge discovery. In the new method, the base classifiers operate on different feature spaces and their types depend on different measures of between-class separability. The uncertainty measures corresponding to each output of each base classifier are induced from the established decision tables （DTs） in the form of mass function in the Dempster-Shafer theory （DST）. Furthermore, an effective fusion framework is built at the feature-decision level on the basis of a generalized rough set model and the DST. The experiment for the classification of hyperspectral remote sensing images shows that the performance of the classification can be improved by the proposed method compared with that of plurality voting （PV）.

Automated soil resources mapping based on decision tree and Bayesian predictive modeling

This article presents two approaches for automated building of knowledge bases of soil resources mapping. These methods used decision tree and Bayesian predictive modeling, respectively to generate knowledge from training data. With these methods, building a knowledge base for automated soil mapping is easier than using the conventional knowledge acquisition approach. The knowledge bases built by these two methods were used by the knowledge classifier for soil type classification of the Longyou area, Zhejiang Province, China using TM bi-temporal imageries and GIS data. To evaluate the performance of the resultant knowledge bases, the classification results were compared to existing soil map based on field survey. The accuracy assessment and analysis of the resultant soil maps suggested that the knowledge bases built by these two methods were of good quality for mapping distribution model of soil classes over the study area.

Semi-Automatic Complex Emotion Categorization and Ontology Construction from Chinese Knowledge

In order to recognize one＇s intention from the communication, both the meaning and the emotion are necessary to be interpreted correctly. But until now the study of fine-grained theory of emotion is still full of challenges. This paper analy- zes emotion category according to the statistics of Affective Word （AW） hierarchy and descries an e- motion ontology from Chinese knowledge resource semi-automatically created for human machine in- teraction. The emotion hierarchy is called complex emotion. Firstly, over 7 000 AWs have been annota- ted and theft detailed explanations had been collected for an affective lexicon and then the consistent rela- tionships are automatically parsed and a serial of e- motion hierarchical structures are built up. More than 50 affective categories are extracted by a lexical clustering algorithm and about 5 000 nouns and ad- jectives and 2 000 verbs are categorized into the predicate hierarchy. The results have been evaluated to be valid by two metrics.

Research on construction knowledge resources framework of real estate enterprises

Many studies have shown that knowledge resources have been the real source of innovation and competitiveness of real estate enterprises. Therefore, it is the basic work to establish the real estate enterprise knowledge resources framework for implementing knowledge management（KM）,and it should be given enough attention. A sort of the real estate enterprise knowledge resources framework system has been built in this paper based on the thought of Clark ＆ Henderson＇s enterprise knowledge classification, and the contents have been analyzed and expounded. Thus, the real estate enterprises can grasp clearly the basic contents of its knowledge resources, then depict the knowledge system, in the end the solid foundation should be settled for implementing knowledge management.

Updating of the hierarchical rock mass rating(HRMR) system and a new subsystem developed for weathered granite formations

The RMR system is still very much applied in rock mechanics engineering context. It is based on the evaluation of six weights to obtain a final rating. To obtain the final rating a considerable amount of information is needed concerning the rock mass which can be difficult to obtain in some projects or project stages at least with accuracy. In 2007 an alternative classification scheme based on the RMR, the Hierarchical Rock Mass Rating(HRMR) was presented. The main feature of this system was the adaptation to the level of knowledge existent about the rock mass to obtain the classification of the rock mass since it followed a decision tree approach. However, the HRMR was only valid for hard rock granites with low fracturing degrees. In this work, the database was enlarged with approximately 40% more cases considering other types of granite rock masses including weathered granites and based on this increased database the system was updated. Granite formations existent in the north of Portugal including Porto city are predominantly granites. Some years ago a light rail infrastructure was built in the city of Porto and surrounding municipalities which involved considerable challenges due to the high heterogeneity levels of the granite formations and the difficulties involved in their geomechanical characterization. In this work it is intended to provide also a contribution to improve the characterization of these formations with special emphasis to the weathered horizons. A specific subsystem applicable to the weathered formations was developed. The results of the validation of these systems are presented and show acceptable performances in identifying the correct class using less information than with the RMR system.

Enhancing Domain Knowledge with Semantic Models of Web Documents

The paper considers the problem of semantic processing of web documents by designing an approach, which combines extracted semantic document model and domain- related knowledge base. The knowledge base is populated with learnt classification rules categorizing documents into topics. Classification provides for the reduction of the dimensio0ality of the document feature space. The semantic model of retrieved web documents is semantically labeled by querying domain ontology and processed with content-based classification method. The model obtained is mapped to the existing knowledge base by implementing inference algorithm. It enables models of the same semantic type to be recognized and integrated into the knowledge base. The approach provides for the domain knowledge integration and assists the extraction and modeling web documents semantics. Implementation results of the proposed approach are presented.

A Critical Analysis of the Educational Impact of Steve Fuller＇s Social Epistemology

In this paper, I examine Steve Fuller＇s ＂sociological＂ social epistemology that must be distinguished from its ＂philosophical＂ counterpart. Fuller＇s sociological social epistemology can prompt deep philosophical analyses of the conditions for knowledge that themselves bear on what should count as knowledge. That is, it can be a vital prelude to developing an interdisciplinary investigation into educational issues. This paper looks at the three features that form an integral part of Fuller＇s social epistemology, which is partly elucidatory and partly critical： naturalistic, normative, and organizational aspects. It goes on to explore whether and to what extent Fuller＇s criticism of an ＂always already＂ thesis in philosophy and his idea of ＂knowledge management＂ afford an understanding of human knowledge in particular and human development in general. This paper concludes with an observation that Fuller＇s social epistemology is flawed in some respects but nonetheless is of relevance to the philosophical study of education.

The Categories and Benefit-sharing of Traditional Knowledge Associated with Biodiversity

A milestone in the Year of Biodiversity is that the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity （CBD） was adopted in the 10th Conference of Parties （COP 10） held in Nagoya, Japan, Oct 18- 29, 2010. Traditional knowledge （TK） is a key issue in the Protocol’s text and its negotiating period. This paper aimed to protect TK by defining its concepts and categories and promoting benefit-sharing with TK’s holders. Based on the analysis for the TK concepts of relevant international organizations and conventions, in particularly on the author’s current years’ research work on TK in the ethnic areas of China, this paper proposes the categories and the classification system for the TK associated with biological resources, i.e. （i） the knowledge for traditional use of agricultural bio-species and genetic resources; （ii） the knowledge for traditional use of medicinal bio-species;（iii） traditional technical innovations for bio- resource use and traditional practices for farming and living styles; （iv） traditional cultures such as customary laws and community protocols that are related to conservation and sustainable use of bio-resources; and （v） traditional geographically biological indicators. Furthermore, this paper introduced the provisions for access and benefit-sharing of TK and proposed to share fairly and equitably the benefits produced from use of TK with indigenous people, local communities and other kinds of holders such as a country for the ancient documented TK. In addition, aimed to the existing problems for traditional knowledge protection, the national strategy for TK protection was introduced and measures for TK inheritance, development, utilization and protection measures were put forward, which are significant for TK’s popularization and beneficial to local communities of the ethnic groups in China.

Geospatial knowledge-based verification and improvement of GlobeLand30

Assuring the quality of land-cover data is one of the major challenges for large- area mapping projects. Although the use of geospatial knowledge and ancillary data in improving land-cover classification has been studied since the early 1980 s, mature methods and efficient supporting tools are still lacking. This paper presents a geospatial knowledge-based verification and improvement approach for global land cover(GLC) mapping at 30-m resolution. A set of verification rules is derived from three types of land cover and its change knowledge(natural, cultural and temporal constraints). A group of web-based supporting tools is developed to facilitate the integration of and access to large amounts of ancillary data and to support online data manipulation and analysis as well as collaborative verification workflows. With this approach, two 30-m GLC datasets(Globe Land-2000 and Globe Land-2010) were verified and modified. The results indicate that the data quality of Globe Land30 has been largely improved.