目的：了解核电站周围居民对核与辐射相关知识的知晓率及需求情况，为开展核与辐射相关健康教育核心信息提供依据。方法采取面对面或自填式问卷方法，调查距核电站圆心30 km 范围内的6层环形区域18～65周岁的常住人群核与辐射知识知晓...目的：了解核电站周围居民对核与辐射相关知识的知晓率及需求情况，为开展核与辐射相关健康教育核心信息提供依据。方法采取面对面或自填式问卷方法，调查距核电站圆心30 km 范围内的6层环形区域18～65周岁的常住人群核与辐射知识知晓率及需求。结果共收回有效问卷561份，男女比例为1．13∶1。辐射相关知识的总知晓率为39．75％，不同性别、职业和文化程度等人群对核与辐射知识有不同的认知（P ＜0．05）。调查对象对核电站安全性认可度为52．23％。核与辐射知识有80．12％的人有需求，有36．33％的人最希望通过电视途经获得。结论目前居民对核与辐射知识了解不够，应加强居民的核与辐射防护卫生科普宣传教育，使核电站周围居民的知识水平不断提高。展开更多
There is no patina of doubt that the central philosophical theories of Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn concerning the nature, substance and method for acquiring scientific knowledge constitute milestones in 20th century p...There is no patina of doubt that the central philosophical theories of Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn concerning the nature, substance and method for acquiring scientific knowledge constitute milestones in 20th century philosophy of science. Just as Popper＇s fundamental work on the subject, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, marked a decisive break with inductivist epistemologies, Kuhn＇s magnum opus, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions （1962, enlarged ed. 1970）, inaugurated the coming of age of the historical turn in the philosophy of science. Some scholars seem to consider the main doctrines of both philosophers as irreconcilables or contradictories. This explains why, for example Popper and Popperians such as Imre Lakatos and John Watkins describe themselves as ＂critical rationalists＂, whereas they refer to Kuhn as an ＂irrationalist＂ or ＂relativist＂-appellations that the latter has consistently rejected. The debate between Popper and Kuhn, especially as contained in an important work, Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge （1970）, highlights some of the knotty problems connected with philosophical appraisals of science. It also demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of logistic approaches in the philosophy of science, on the one hand, and of historically informed socio-psychological analysis of science, on the other. In this paper, we reexamine the Popper-Kuhn controversy from an experimentalist perspective. In other words, we argue that the ideas of testing and normal science can be systematically accommodated by fine-structure dissection of empirical research through which scientists learn about the world, based on the assumption that the progress of science is the growth of experimental knowledge-a fact often neglected in theory-dominated philosophies of science. Taking discovery of the cosmic background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson as example, the paper argues that important scientific discoveries have been accomplished even in the absence of theory in any obvious sense, a situation that conflicts with the theory-dominated models of Popper and Kuhn. Thus, it offers an account of how practicing scientists learn from research to control errors and avoid blind alleys. The paper affirms, in conclusion, that going beyond the theories of Popper and Kuhn requires that philosophers of science should take what scientists learn from experiments seriously when theorising about science, by taking into account normal testing or error detection and control strategies through which scientific knowledge is acquired and extended展开更多
文摘目的：了解核电站周围居民对核与辐射相关知识的知晓率及需求情况，为开展核与辐射相关健康教育核心信息提供依据。方法采取面对面或自填式问卷方法，调查距核电站圆心30 km 范围内的6层环形区域18～65周岁的常住人群核与辐射知识知晓率及需求。结果共收回有效问卷561份，男女比例为1．13∶1。辐射相关知识的总知晓率为39．75％，不同性别、职业和文化程度等人群对核与辐射知识有不同的认知（P ＜0．05）。调查对象对核电站安全性认可度为52．23％。核与辐射知识有80．12％的人有需求，有36．33％的人最希望通过电视途经获得。结论目前居民对核与辐射知识了解不够，应加强居民的核与辐射防护卫生科普宣传教育，使核电站周围居民的知识水平不断提高。
文摘There is no patina of doubt that the central philosophical theories of Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn concerning the nature, substance and method for acquiring scientific knowledge constitute milestones in 20th century philosophy of science. Just as Popper＇s fundamental work on the subject, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, marked a decisive break with inductivist epistemologies, Kuhn＇s magnum opus, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions （1962, enlarged ed. 1970）, inaugurated the coming of age of the historical turn in the philosophy of science. Some scholars seem to consider the main doctrines of both philosophers as irreconcilables or contradictories. This explains why, for example Popper and Popperians such as Imre Lakatos and John Watkins describe themselves as ＂critical rationalists＂, whereas they refer to Kuhn as an ＂irrationalist＂ or ＂relativist＂-appellations that the latter has consistently rejected. The debate between Popper and Kuhn, especially as contained in an important work, Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge （1970）, highlights some of the knotty problems connected with philosophical appraisals of science. It also demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of logistic approaches in the philosophy of science, on the one hand, and of historically informed socio-psychological analysis of science, on the other. In this paper, we reexamine the Popper-Kuhn controversy from an experimentalist perspective. In other words, we argue that the ideas of testing and normal science can be systematically accommodated by fine-structure dissection of empirical research through which scientists learn about the world, based on the assumption that the progress of science is the growth of experimental knowledge-a fact often neglected in theory-dominated philosophies of science. Taking discovery of the cosmic background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson as example, the paper argues that important scientific discoveries have been accomplished even in the absence of theory in any obvious sense, a situation that conflicts with the theory-dominated models of Popper and Kuhn. Thus, it offers an account of how practicing scientists learn from research to control errors and avoid blind alleys. The paper affirms, in conclusion, that going beyond the theories of Popper and Kuhn requires that philosophers of science should take what scientists learn from experiments seriously when theorising about science, by taking into account normal testing or error detection and control strategies through which scientific knowledge is acquired and extended
