Given the existence of transaction costs,the location of property rights is an important factor in determining the incentives for efficient levels of investment at various levels of the industry.This paper applies som...Given the existence of transaction costs,the location of property rights is an important factor in determining the incentives for efficient levels of investment at various levels of the industry.This paper applies some of the economic theories of property rights and industrial structure to the issues concerning the conservation of biodiversity.Although the expansion of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) systems into the area of genetic resources has increased private investment in R&D process of the agriculture,it does not generate enough incentives for in situ conservation of biodiversity.To solve this economic inefficiency,farmers'rights and other design of incentives and institutional arrangement should be reconsidered.展开更多
The present study shows the results of a research aimed at the knowledge of the significant features of Catania＇s urban environment. The complexity of the different features of the city, the several scales of represe...The present study shows the results of a research aimed at the knowledge of the significant features of Catania＇s urban environment. The complexity of the different features of the city, the several scales of representation, the multi-dimensional objects and the historical, anthropic, formal relations have produced different kinds of information requiring a flexible instrument that is able to transcribe images, charts, texts and symbols in a single model of representation. In the perspective of creating a fundamental cognitive framework, the research team paid attention at drawing up a GIS （Geographic Information System） for documenting and managing historic urban heritage. The idea is to have a structure able to collect data like a logic archival system or an open database, which can immediately be consulted and constantly implemented. Indeed, the aim of this GIS is to organize, manage, query and visualise the peculiar aspects which characterize Catania＇s architectures. Thanks to multi-directional ＂access-windows＂ it is possible to navigate through its contents （texts, drawings, 3D rendering, pictures, historical documents）. The system will also allow the integration of several documents in a common geo-database up to visualise the most meaningful details. Its use could assure suitable proposals of urban transformations and coherent plans in using and/or managing heritage goods for a sustainable city development.展开更多
Since its entry into the WTO ten years ago, China has been increasingly involved in building new rules to make multilateral trading systems more development- oriented. In the past decade, both developing and developed...Since its entry into the WTO ten years ago, China has been increasingly involved in building new rules to make multilateral trading systems more development- oriented. In the past decade, both developing and developed WTO member nations have debated whether the TRIPS agreement should expand its definition to cover new areas such as genetic resources and traditional knowledge. This article argues that although the genetic resources-based market is huge, developing countries have benefited little from it. Specifically, the current market mechanism and system provide little incentive to developing countries to protect biodiversity. Expanding TRIPS to cover new areas such as genetic resources and traditional knowledge can make multilateral trade fairer and more balanced and will enable developing members to better protect biodiversity.展开更多
Poaceae plant species,such as silver grass,are commonly used in mulching activities Japan.In contrast,local farmers have traditionally used Japanese knotweed(Fallopia japonica)mulch in the cultivation of solanaceous c...Poaceae plant species,such as silver grass,are commonly used in mulching activities Japan.In contrast,local farmers have traditionally used Japanese knotweed(Fallopia japonica)mulch in the cultivation of solanaceous crops in the Nishi-Awa area of Japan,which is a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems site.We have previously evaluated the positive effects of Japanese knotweed mulching on solanaceous crops,such as eggplants,tomato,and potato.In the present study,we observed that the naturally occurring diseases in the solanaceous crops tended to decrease when the knotweed mulching system was adopted,in comparison to when Poaceae mulch was adopted.In eggplants,leaf mold and powdery mildew decreased under Japanese knotweed mulching.We further evaluated the effects of Japanese knotweed mulching by inoculating test plants with Pseudomonas cichorii.We observed suppression of bacterial disease and tomato mosaic virus under Japanese knotweed mulching and following spraying with Japanese knotweed extracts.In addition,disease-resistance genes were expressed at high levels in Arabidopsis thaliana,a model plant,following treatment with Japanese knotweed extracts.The results suggest that Japanese knotweed has potential applications in future sustainable agriculture activities.展开更多
基金Project of National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 70773071,Grant No. 71173138)Project of Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education MinistryShandong Soft Science Research Project (Grant No. 2010RKGA3016)
文摘Given the existence of transaction costs,the location of property rights is an important factor in determining the incentives for efficient levels of investment at various levels of the industry.This paper applies some of the economic theories of property rights and industrial structure to the issues concerning the conservation of biodiversity.Although the expansion of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) systems into the area of genetic resources has increased private investment in R&D process of the agriculture,it does not generate enough incentives for in situ conservation of biodiversity.To solve this economic inefficiency,farmers'rights and other design of incentives and institutional arrangement should be reconsidered.
文摘The present study shows the results of a research aimed at the knowledge of the significant features of Catania＇s urban environment. The complexity of the different features of the city, the several scales of representation, the multi-dimensional objects and the historical, anthropic, formal relations have produced different kinds of information requiring a flexible instrument that is able to transcribe images, charts, texts and symbols in a single model of representation. In the perspective of creating a fundamental cognitive framework, the research team paid attention at drawing up a GIS （Geographic Information System） for documenting and managing historic urban heritage. The idea is to have a structure able to collect data like a logic archival system or an open database, which can immediately be consulted and constantly implemented. Indeed, the aim of this GIS is to organize, manage, query and visualise the peculiar aspects which characterize Catania＇s architectures. Thanks to multi-directional ＂access-windows＂ it is possible to navigate through its contents （texts, drawings, 3D rendering, pictures, historical documents）. The system will also allow the integration of several documents in a common geo-database up to visualise the most meaningful details. Its use could assure suitable proposals of urban transformations and coherent plans in using and/or managing heritage goods for a sustainable city development.
文摘Since its entry into the WTO ten years ago, China has been increasingly involved in building new rules to make multilateral trading systems more development- oriented. In the past decade, both developing and developed WTO member nations have debated whether the TRIPS agreement should expand its definition to cover new areas such as genetic resources and traditional knowledge. This article argues that although the genetic resources-based market is huge, developing countries have benefited little from it. Specifically, the current market mechanism and system provide little incentive to developing countries to protect biodiversity. Expanding TRIPS to cover new areas such as genetic resources and traditional knowledge can make multilateral trade fairer and more balanced and will enable developing members to better protect biodiversity.
基金Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)KAKENHI(JP15K06930,JP18H02286,JP19K06108)。
文摘Poaceae plant species,such as silver grass,are commonly used in mulching activities Japan.In contrast,local farmers have traditionally used Japanese knotweed(Fallopia japonica)mulch in the cultivation of solanaceous crops in the Nishi-Awa area of Japan,which is a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems site.We have previously evaluated the positive effects of Japanese knotweed mulching on solanaceous crops,such as eggplants,tomato,and potato.In the present study,we observed that the naturally occurring diseases in the solanaceous crops tended to decrease when the knotweed mulching system was adopted,in comparison to when Poaceae mulch was adopted.In eggplants,leaf mold and powdery mildew decreased under Japanese knotweed mulching.We further evaluated the effects of Japanese knotweed mulching by inoculating test plants with Pseudomonas cichorii.We observed suppression of bacterial disease and tomato mosaic virus under Japanese knotweed mulching and following spraying with Japanese knotweed extracts.In addition,disease-resistance genes were expressed at high levels in Arabidopsis thaliana,a model plant,following treatment with Japanese knotweed extracts.The results suggest that Japanese knotweed has potential applications in future sustainable agriculture activities.
